Diabetes (deevska) Flashcards
What is the leading cause of adult blindness?
Diabetes
What is diabetes characterized by?
elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by deficiency in insulin
Insulin- dependent or juvenile- onset diabetes is what type?
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-independent is what type of diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes
What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
3 P's Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Also ketoacidosis common
Onset of T1D is triggered by ____________ and onset is typically during __________ and symptoms develop suddenly.
Physiological stress
childhood
Explain mechanism of T1Diabetes for hyperglycemia.
Insulin missing and (insulin is major regulator of many biochemical pathways) body acts like it is in starved state. Insulin signals glucose uptake in muscle and adipose. This means glucose remains in bloodstream so glucose is not metabolized. Leading to hyperglycemia.
Explain mechanism of T1 diabetes for ketosis and ketoacidosis.
Adipocytes release FAs to be used as energy (HSL activates)
In the liver excess FAs are put into ketone bodies which leads to (ketosis) and ketoacidosis
Explain mechanism of Hyperlipidemia of T1 diabetes for hyperlipidemia.
FAs cant be used for TCA or ketogenesis and are secreted into VLDLs
Lipoprotein lipase levels are low dued to less enzyme production- VLDL and chylomicrons accumulate which cause hypertriacylglycerolemia (hyperlipidemia)
_________ insulin is required for the treatment of all Type 1 diabetics.
Exogenous
Higher glucose= less Hb glycosylated to HbA1C
False, more Hb leading to higher A1C numbers (which is bad)
Why does the HbA1C level only give accurate measurements of blood glucose levels over several months?
because a RBC only lives about 100 days
Appropriate dosage of insulin is difficult to achieve and common complication of excess insulin administration is _____________.
Hypoglycemia
What are the two mechanisms the body uses to defend against hypoglycemia?
glucagon is decreased because cells of pancreas are compromised
neuropathy develops as the disease inhibits epinephrine secretion
What is the most common form of diabetes?
Type 2
What are the 2 main conditions that are involved with T2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
dysfunctional beta cells
What type of diabetes has less of an genetic component?
T1D
T2D has much stronger genetic component
What usually preceds type 2 diabetes?
Hyperinsulinemia, cells try to keep up with insulin resistance, but cells usually give up… (is this a way of monitoring where in development of T2 diabetes a pt is at???)
What do you need to have to diagnose T2 diabetes?
important
Insulin resistance on its own is not necessarily diabetes
You also need to have dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells
What are some things that leads to insulin resistance?
genetics
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
aging
What are some things that leads to decline of B cell function?
genetics
High Glucose toxicity
Free fatty acid toxicity
What do B-cells do?
they secrete insulin to compensate for the elevated blood glucose levels (so if this isn’t working insulin cannot be secreted)
What are the differences in type 1 and type 2 as far as symptoms?
They are similar with the 3 P’s but they are usually milder with Type 2.
Key difference is ketosis is absent in T2D.
True/False: Insulin resistance means decreased ability to respond to insulin not absolute inability to do so.
True
