Diabetes (deevska)

Question 1

What is the leading cause of adult blindness?

Answer 1

Diabetes

Question 2

What is diabetes characterized by?

Answer 2

elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by deficiency in insulin

Question 3

Insulin- dependent or juvenile- onset diabetes is what type?

Answer 3

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 4

Insulin-independent is what type of diabetes?

Answer 4

Type 2 diabetes

Question 5

What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

3 P's
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Also ketoacidosis common

Question 6

Onset of T1D is triggered by ____________ and onset is typically during __________ and symptoms develop suddenly.

Answer 6

Physiological stress

childhood

Question 7

Explain mechanism of T1Diabetes for hyperglycemia.

Answer 7

Insulin missing and (insulin is major regulator of many biochemical pathways) body acts like it is in starved state. Insulin signals glucose uptake in muscle and adipose. This means glucose remains in bloodstream so glucose is not metabolized. Leading to hyperglycemia.

Question 8

Explain mechanism of T1 diabetes for ketosis and ketoacidosis.

Answer 8

Adipocytes release FAs to be used as energy (HSL activates)

In the liver excess FAs are put into ketone bodies which leads to (ketosis) and ketoacidosis

Question 9

Explain mechanism of Hyperlipidemia of T1 diabetes for hyperlipidemia.

Answer 9

FAs cant be used for TCA or ketogenesis and are secreted into VLDLs
Lipoprotein lipase levels are low dued to less enzyme production- VLDL and chylomicrons accumulate which cause hypertriacylglycerolemia (hyperlipidemia)

Question 10

_________ insulin is required for the treatment of all Type 1 diabetics.

Answer 10

Exogenous

Question 11

Higher glucose= less Hb glycosylated to HbA1C

Answer 11

False, more Hb leading to higher A1C numbers (which is bad)

Question 12

Why does the HbA1C level only give accurate measurements of blood glucose levels over several months?

Answer 12

because a RBC only lives about 100 days

Question 13

Appropriate dosage of insulin is difficult to achieve and common complication of excess insulin administration is _____________.

Answer 13

Hypoglycemia

Question 14

What are the two mechanisms the body uses to defend against hypoglycemia?

Answer 14

glucagon is decreased because cells of pancreas are compromised
neuropathy develops as the disease inhibits epinephrine secretion

Question 15

What is the most common form of diabetes?

Answer 15

Type 2

Question 16

What are the 2 main conditions that are involved with T2 diabetes?

Answer 16

Insulin resistance

dysfunctional beta cells

Question 17

What type of diabetes has less of an genetic component?

Answer 17

T1D

T2D has much stronger genetic component

Question 18

What usually preceds type 2 diabetes?

Answer 18

Hyperinsulinemia, cells try to keep up with insulin resistance, but cells usually give up… (is this a way of monitoring where in development of T2 diabetes a pt is at???)

Question 19

What do you need to have to diagnose T2 diabetes?

important

Answer 19

Insulin resistance on its own is not necessarily diabetes

You also need to have dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells

Question 20

What are some things that leads to insulin resistance?

Answer 20

genetics
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
aging

Question 21

What are some things that leads to decline of B cell function?

Answer 21

genetics
High Glucose toxicity
Free fatty acid toxicity

Question 22

What do B-cells do?

Answer 22

they secrete insulin to compensate for the elevated blood glucose levels (so if this isn’t working insulin cannot be secreted)

Question 23

What are the differences in type 1 and type 2 as far as symptoms?

Answer 23

They are similar with the 3 P’s but they are usually milder with Type 2.
Key difference is ketosis is absent in T2D.

Question 24

True/False: Insulin resistance means decreased ability to respond to insulin not absolute inability to do so.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What does Metformin do?

Answer 25

inhibits GNG in liver and increases glucose uptake in muscle

Question 26

What is the leading cause of adult blindness involved with chronic effects of Diabetes.

Answer 26

Retinopathy