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Basic Nursing Skills > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define diabetes

A

metabolic disorder of the pancreas, affects carbohydrates,fat, and protein metabolism

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2
Q

Define metabolic syndrome

A
  • obesity, especially in the abdomen area
  • high BP
  • elevated triglyceride
  • low density lipoprotein
  • blood glucose levels
  • low high-density lipoprotein level
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3
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • produce no insulin by beta cells in pancreas
  • younget pts
  • autoimmune
  • hyperglycemia
  • normal body weight
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4
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  • makes pancreatic juices called enzymes

- enzymes break down sugars,fats,and starches

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5
Q

Normal blood sugar

A

70-110

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6
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production

- more common in aging adults

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7
Q

Type 1 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in?

A

people younger than 20 years of age

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8
Q

Type 2 is most commonly diagnosed in?

A
  • aging adults

- 45 to 65 were the highest among newly diagnosed

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9
Q

Pre-diabetes

A
  • overweight or obese
  • have risk factors for diabetes
  • one or more abnormal glucose level tests (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, or glucose tolerance)
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10
Q

Insulin functions

A
  • carries glucose into body cells as their preferred source of energy
  • promotes the livers storage of glucose as glycogen
  • inhibits the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose
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11
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urine

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12
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

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13
Q

Polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

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14
Q

Accumulated ketones result in?

A

ketoacidosis

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15
Q

Kussmaul’s respirations

A

fast,deep,labored breathing

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms: type 1

A
  • sudden onset
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • thirst
  • poluria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
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17
Q

Signs and symptoms: type 2

A
  • gradual onset
  • skin problems
  • UTI
  • vaginal infections
  • eye disorders
  • poluria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
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18
Q

3 diagnostic test for diabetes

A
  • HbA1c
  • fasting blood glucose
  • glucose intolerance
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19
Q

Diabetic BS check

A
  • glucometer
  • upper arm,forearm,calf,thigh
  • fingertips preferred
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20
Q

Normal A1c

A

below 7%

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21
Q

Lagging site

A
  • alternate sites to check glucose
  • tells blood sugar 20 to 30 minutes prior
  • upper arm,forearm,thigh, calf
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22
Q

Most accurate glucometer reading

A

fingertip

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23
Q

Meal plans for diabetes

A
  • carb counting (15 g per meal)

- calorie counting (1500 per day)

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24
Q

How much should a diabetic exercise?

A
  • 150 minutes a week
  • 3 days a week
  • dont skip more than 2 days in a row
  • exercise allows you to burn glucose
25
Q

Hyperglycemia treatment

A
  • insulin
  • diet
  • exercise
26
Q

Hypoglycemia treatment

A
  • give sugar

- give 15g of carbs wait 15 minutes,check BS

27
Q

Insulin pen

A

cartridge containing 150 to 300 units of insulin is loaded into an injecting pen and disposable needle is attached

28
Q

Jet injector

A

given with air not needle

29
Q

Insulin pump

A

continuous infusion

30
Q

Rapid insulin

A
  • acts right away

- give with a meal

31
Q

Long acting insulin

A

does not instantly drop insulin

32
Q

What insulin can you give IV

A

regular insulin

33
Q

What insulin can not be mixed?

A
  • lantus

- levemar

34
Q

How is insulin prescribed?

A

in units

35
Q

Where is insulin best absorbed?

A

in the abdomen

36
Q

S/S of hypoglycemia

A
  • low blood sugar
  • neurologic changes
  • tachycardia
  • weakness
  • headache
  • nausea
  • drowsy
  • nervousness
  • hunger
  • tremors
  • malise (sluggish)
  • excessive sweating
37
Q

S/S of hyperglycemia

A
  • elevated blood sugar
  • fruity breath
  • nausea and vomiting
  • shortness of breath
  • dry mouth
  • weakness
  • confusion
  • abdominal pain
  • flushed hot and dry skin
  • glucose in urine
38
Q

What causes hypoglycemia?

A

low blood sugar

39
Q

Ketoacidosis treatment

A
  • insulin given through IV
  • replace potassium/electrolytes
  • monitor electrolytes and blood glucose
  • urine is tested for glucose and ketones
40
Q

What causes fruity breath odor?

A

ketoacidosis

41
Q

S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  • weakness
  • anorexia
  • thirst
  • vomiting
  • BS 300 to 1000
  • dehydration=low sodium and low potassium
  • kushmahl respirations
  • low blood pressure
  • restlessness
  • rapid weak pulse
  • acetone breath
  • most prone in Type 1
42
Q

S/S of HHAKS

A
  • hypotension
  • mental changes
  • extreme thirst
  • dehydration
  • tachycardia
  • fever **
  • lethargy
  • coma
  • hyperkalemia
  • skin turgor
  • dry mucousa
  • low sodium
43
Q

motortheropity

A
  • muscle weakness
  • atrophy
  • gait can be affected
  • skeletal deformities
  • feet and ankle problems
  • soft tissue infections/ulcers
44
Q

Sensory neuropathy

A
  • paratheasis
  • abnormal sensation
  • tingling
  • prickling
  • burning
  • needle like sensations
  • total feeling can be lost
45
Q

Erectile dysfunction is a sign of what neuropathy?

A

autonomic neuropathy

46
Q

What kind of shoes should diabetics wear?

A
  • well fitting

- do not wear rubber,plastic or vinyl that cause the perspire

47
Q

Diabetic sick day

A
  • notify dr when ill
  • monitor blood sugar every 2 to 4 hours
  • continue to take insulin
  • meet carb needs
  • eat 6 to 8 times a day
  • test urine for ketones if blood sugar is 300 or higher
  • rest
48
Q

Biproducts for fat metabolism

A

ketones

49
Q

Trigger for Type 2

A

abdominal obesity

50
Q

Renal threshold

A
  • glucose in urine
  • glucosuria: higher than 180 mg/dL
  • ability to reabsorb glucose and return it to the bloodstream
51
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood glucose level

52
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of fat

53
Q

Glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

54
Q

Ketones

A

chemical intermediate products in fat metabolism

55
Q

ketonemia

A

increased ketones in the blood

56
Q

Normal diabetic blood sugar

A

below 126

57
Q

insulin independence

A

pts own naturally produced insulin will regulate blood glucose levels

58
Q

lipoatrophy

A

breakdown of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections

59
Q

lipohypertrophy

A

buildup of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections

Basic Nursing Skills (6 decks)

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