Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
Type 1
A
Body developed antibodies against insulin and/or antibodies against cells that make insulin
-not enough insulin in the body
2
Q
Type 2
A
Not enough insulin made or not used effectively
-3 Ps, weight gain or loss, prolonged healing
3
Q
Somogyi Effect
A
Hypoglycemia in the morning
- check glucose between 0200-0400
- bedtime snack
- reduce insulin dose
4
Q
Dawn Phenomen
A
Hyperglycemia upon wakening
- measure bedtime, nighttime, and morning glucose
- increase insulin or change time when it’s given
5
Q
What carb sources are good
A
Low fat dairy, legumes, grains, veggies, and fruit
6
Q
Diet
A
Limit cholesterol <200
1 drink daily women, 2 men
7
Q
Exercise
A
- weight loss, decreases insulin resistance, balance cholesterol
- improves circulation and BP
- done 1 hr after meals
- complication of hypoglycemia: measure before, during, and after exercise
- if BG <100 eat a snack and recheck in 15 min
- if BG >250 and ketone present, delay
8
Q
If patient is sick with other illness, having surgery, under stress
A
- check BG every four hr
- type 1: check for ketones 3-4 hr
- contact HCP if BG > 300 twice in a row or urine ketones are mod-high
9
Q
DKA
A
Great loss of insulin
- dry mucous membranes, hyperglycemia (>250), lethargy, dehydration
- kussmaul respiration’s, sweet fruity breath
- ABCs, IV, rehydrate, monitor BG and potassium (hypo)
10
Q
HHS
A
Body has enough insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent hyperglycemia (type 2)
- impaired thirst sensation
- BG of 600
- ABCs, BG checks and IV insulin, F&E, cardiac monitoring
11
Q
Hypoglycemia
A
- rule of 15: 15g of carbs to get to 70
- if doesn’t improve after 2-3 doses then call HCP
- unconscious: 20-50 ml of 50% dextrose or 1 mg of glucagon
- shakiness, palpitations, nervousness, diaphoresis
- altered mental function: difficulty speaking, visual probs, stupor
12
Q
Angiopathy
A
- damage to blood vessels secondary to chronic hyperglycemia
- leading diabetes related death
- keep appointments for lab work
- eye and foot exams
- risk factor assessment
- exercise stress testing
13
Q
Macro vascular/Micro Angiopathy
A
- maintain tight control of BG, BP, and weight
- smoking cessation
- macro: lead to CAD, stroke, PAD
- micro: retinopathy, nephropathy, dermopathy (10-20 yrs after diagnosis)
14
Q
Retinopathy
A
- dilated eye exam annually
- manage BG and HTN
- laser photo coagulation therapy to treat retina
- Virectomy treats hemorrhage and retinal detachment of macula
- Illuven steroid
- proliferative: more severe, nonproliferative: more common
15
Q
Nephropathy
A
- manage BP and BG
- albumin to creatinine ratios annually
- HTN: medications
- leads to ESRD
- albuminuria: ACE and Angiotensin antagonists
