Diabetes

Question 1

Type 1 diabetes symptoms

Answer 1

• polydipsia: thirsty
• polyphagia: hungry
• weight loss
• fatigue

Question 2

Glucose range of normal & diabetes mellitus (DM) in fasting state

Answer 2

normal: 3.5 - 5.5 mM
DM: 7

Question 3

normal blood glucose level in the blood

Answer 3

4.0 - 7.8 mM

Question 4

Normal range for BMI

Answer 4

20-25

Question 5

insipidus & mellitus mean

Answer 5

Insipidus: watery urine
Mellitus: sweet urine

Question 6

T/F. Results ≥ 7.8 mmol/L on random samples require further investigation.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

which 2 hormones can cause hyperglycemia (besides lack of inculin)

Answer 7

cortisol & adrenaline

Question 8

a) Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?

b) Which hormone stimulates both gluconeogenesis & glycogeolysis?

Answer 8

a) cortisol

b) adrenaline

Question 9

Which organs don’t respond to insulin

Answer 9

Brain and liver bc glucose diffuse in

Question 10

Steps of insulin release in pancreatic beta cells when stimulated by increase glucose

Answer 10

1. Inc glucose => uptake glucose w assistance of GLUT2 transporter from liver
2. Inc. ATP:ADP ratio => inactivated K channel
3. Membrane depolarised => Ca2+ channel open => Ca2+ flow in cell
4. Insulin released

Question 11

2 Action if insulin that is involved in anabolic said pathway

Answer 11

• store energy as glycogen

- produce proteins and lipids

Question 12

Polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria

Answer 12

Polyphagia: hungry

polydipsia: thirst
polyuria: frequent urination

Question 13

Types of glucose test

Answer 13

• fasting
• random glucose test
• oral glucose tolerance test

Question 14

What’s the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). And what is an alternative?

Answer 14

• average of blood glucose over 1-3 months
• can diagnose DM
• alternative: FBG or 2HPG

Question 15

Common clinical biochemistry tests in diabetic diagnosis/management

Answer 15

• HbA1C assess glycemic control
• Lipids: asses cholesterol to assess risk of CVD
• urinary albumin (microslbuminuria): assess if developing proteinuria
• urea/creatinine: assess renal function

Question 16

Acute diabetic problems that need immediate medical attention. (Occurs in Type 1 or 2?)

Answer 16

• hyperglycaemia (type 1 &2)
• diabetic ketoacidosis: w/out insulin left w lipolysis fir energy (type 1)
• hyperosmilar coma: high glucose but w/out increased ketones and acidosis (Type 2)

Question 17

What’s the earliest sign of diabetic renal disease

Answer 17

Microalbuminuria