Diabetes

Question 1

What happens to the incretic effect in T2D?

Answer 1

Reduced

Question 2

GLP-1 analogs are contraindicated w/ family hx of what 3 disorders?

Answer 2

1. TMC (Thyriod microcarcinoma)
2. Pancreatitis
3. Renal failure

Question 3

Stable microtubules moved by dynein

Answer 3

Cilia and Flagella

Question 4

Strong regulator of actin organization

Answer 4

Rho family GTPase

Question 5

secreted from ileum and colon, incretin, decrease, gastric emptying, glucogon decrease, improved cardiovascular risks

Answer 5

GLP-1

Question 6

Incretin effect

Answer 6

GI peptides that increase insulin senstivity

Question 7

In type 1D, Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, increase in cortisol is induced by?

Answer 7

When glucagon response is lost, and epinephrine signaling is desensitized

Question 8

Why is adherence important?

Answer 8

Extend quality of life,
Avoid complication (neuropathy, vision problems, organ failures),
Cost of non-adherence is high

Question 9

Factors of nonadherence:

Answer 9

Patient family characteristics 
(SES and family composition 
Knowledge 
patient/family adjustment and coping),
Disease related characteristics,
Healthcare providers/ system

Question 10

GLP-1 analagoues

Answer 10

Exanatide, Liraglutide

Question 11

How is GLP-1 analogues given?

Answer 11

Subcutaneous

Question 12

Interventions to improve adherence

Answer 12

Educational,
Organisational
Behavioural

Question 13

cAMP increases due to signaling molecules

Answer 13

Glucagon and epinephrine

Question 14

PFK-1 Is inhibited by

Answer 14

ATP and citrate

Question 15

PFK-1 is activated by

Answer 15

AMP, fructose 2,6 Bis-P

Question 16

How is glycogen synthase inactivated? and glycogen phosphorylase activated

Answer 16

Phosphorylation from Protein Kinase A (G-protein signaling pathway, activated by cAMP)

Question 17

What does Protein Kinase A activate

Answer 17

Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase in liver, and R-domain in CFTR

Question 18

How is glycogen used?

Answer 18

phosphorylated to Glucose-1-phosphate

Question 19

What does glucagon do in gene expression levels?

Answer 19

Glucagon induced expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Question 20

eg. of compartmentation of metabolic activities

Answer 20

transport fatty acid to mitochondria for beta oxidation and synthesis takes place in cytoplasm

Question 21

Secondary messengars of catecholamines

Answer 21

cAMP and Calcium

Question 22

How is catecholamines secreted

Answer 22

sympathetic nervous system–> adrenal gland–> catecholamines–> secondary messengers—-> acute response

Question 23

Example of catecholamines

Answer 23

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 24

Effect of catecholamines

Answer 24

Lungs: more oxygen,
Adipose: Free fatty acid,
Liver: Glycogen breakdown,
muscle : ATP production for movement from Free FA and glucose

Question 25

What does insulin activate in liver?

Answer 25

Protein Phosphatase

Question 26

Hyperpigmented, velvety plaques in folds, accutane | Color due to keratin-containing superficial epithelium

Answer 26

Acanthosis Nigiricans

Question 27

What helps Acanthosis Nigiricans? Reduce the lesions and decrease order and provide comfort

Answer 27

Salicylic acid or retinoic acid

Question 28

Exenatide

Answer 28

Ala---> Gly Renal CL and although good effects as gastric empting and glucose-dependent insulin and glucagon secretion, Risk of Pancreatis and thyroid cancer

Question 29

How are GLP-1 analogue given?

Answer 29

Subcutaneous injection

Question 30

What is the modification of Liraglutide?

Answer 30

Arg 34 Lys | Lys 26 Glu with C-16 FA chain

Question 31

DPP-4i

Answer 31

Viladagliptin and sitagliptin orally no gastic emptying risk of pancreatitis and infection