Cell death and responses

Question 1

Cranial nerve 7 cut, asymmetrical face

Answer 1

Bell’s palsy

Question 2

Pressure of CSF in ventricles leads to

Answer 2

Hydrocephalus

Question 3

Prolonged pressure on skin, usually on hospital patients who are not moved for long, 4 stages

Answer 3

Decubitus ulcer

Question 4

Mediated y TNFaplha, IL-6, and PIF, found is >50% of cancer patients

Answer 4

cachexia

Question 5

Embyrogenic; Incomplete development of tissue or organ due to reduced cell no.

Answer 5

Hypoplasia

Question 6

Embryonic dev., absence of tissue or organ to develop.

Answer 6

Aplasia

Question 7

When does atorphy take place?

Answer 7

Decreased trophic factor
Sustained pressure, 
chronic disease, aging, inflam
starvation/malnutri.
Hypoxia
decrease demand

Question 8

Mechanism for atrophy?

Answer 8

Autophagy (lysosomal) and Ub-Proteosome pathway

Question 9

When does hypertrophy happen?

Answer 9

Increased functional demands and increased trophic factors

Question 10

Difference between a normal smooth muscle and hypertorphied smooth muscle in utero?

Answer 10

Normal: nucleus close together and elongated; Hypertrophied: distance between muscle and lot of cytoplasm

Question 11

Mechanisms of hypertrophy?

Answer 11

induced expression of fetal genes a-actin, cytoskeleton), increase contractile proteins and production of growth factors.

Question 12

Increase in number of cells

Answer 12

Hyperplasia

Question 13

new or increased irritation lead to alteration of cell type

Answer 13

Metaplasia

Question 14

Disordered cell growth

Answer 14

Dysplasia

Question 15

Barret’s esophagus

Answer 15

Startified squamous cell into Stratified nonciliated mucin producing columnar cells into; reversible

Question 16

Cell injury mechanism

Answer 16

ATP depletion, Mito damage, Loss of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, Loss of selective membrane permeability, DNA and protein damage

Question 17

When do reversible injury becomes irreversible?

Answer 17

inability to reverse mito dysfunction, membrane damage to lysosome, mito and cell

Question 18

Typical of ischemic infarction in any organ except brain?

Answer 18

Coagulative necrosis

Question 19

Liquified due to enzyme release that lysis and digest dead cells, in brain, pancreas, absecess?

Answer 19

Liquefactive necro

Question 20

Cheese-like, Combo of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis in TB and fungi infection?

Answer 20

Caseous necro

Question 21

chalky white due to calcium (saponification) deposition: in breast, pancreatitis?

Answer 21

Fat necro

Question 22

Necrosis of blood vessel–fibrin leacks in vasculitis, extreme high blood pressure

Answer 22

Fibrinoid necro

Question 23

what do acidic dye stain? Name the dyes.

Answer 23

Mito, secretary granules, collagen fivers, general cyto, basement membranes; eosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin; more within cell.

Question 24

What do basic dye stain? Name the dyes.

Answer 24

negative phospho group on RNA, DNA, (cell nucleus, nucleoili, RNA rich part of cyto; carboxylic group, sulfate, cartilage matrix (anything negatively charged); tolidine blu, alcan blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin

Question 25

Accumulation of fat. Clinical setting of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypoxia, drugs or toxin, protein energy malnutrition: specfically shows up in liver

Answer 25

steatosis

Question 26

Stain fatty liver (steatosis) with?

Answer 26

Oil Red O stain

Question 27

a1 anti trypsin deficiency mode of transmission? what can individuals develop?

Answer 27

Autosomal recessive and they can develop emphysema

Question 28

What is connective tissues made up of?

Answer 28

Protein fibers + grounding substance

Question 29

Where do you find mallory bodies?

Answer 29

In alcohol-related liver diseases, and it keratin filaments. So shape is irregular when stained.