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Co-Existing Disease > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence of diabetes?

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2
Q

Hyperglycemia producing hormones?

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3
Q

Diagnoses of Type 1 diabetes?

A
  1. Presence of random blood glucose level higher than 200mg/dL
  2. Hemoglobin A1C level above 7.0%
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4
Q

What does hemoglobin A1C tell you?

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5
Q

Incidence of occurence of all types of “Primary” Diabetes?

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6
Q

Types or causes of “Secondary” or “Other” Diabetes (other than Type 1 and 2)?

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7
Q

What is IDDM Type 1?

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8
Q

Clinical Presentation
IDDM Type I

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9
Q

Long term management
IDDM Type I

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10
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Rapid-acting insulin

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11
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Regular or Short-acting insulin

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12
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Intermediate-acting insulin

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13
Q

Onset/peak/duration of long-acting insulin

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14
Q

Inhaled Insulin (Afrezza)

A
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15
Q

What strength insulin will you possibly encounter, but is mostly used in veterinary practice?

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16
Q

Most common strength of insulin in US?

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17
Q

Intraop usually administered IV not SQ ALWAYS flush line well, what are normal infustion rates?

How much does 1U of insulin lower BG (mg/dL)?

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18
Q

What is NIDDM- Type 2?

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19
Q

Type 2 DM Causes

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20
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of
Long-term Diabetes Mellitus

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22
Q

What is Microangiopathy?

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23
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

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24
Q

What are Oral Anti-diabetic Medications, how do they work?

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25
Q

Acute complications of Diabetes - Hypoglycemia

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26
Q

Acute complications of Diabetes - Hyperglycemia

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27
Q

What exacerbates hypoglycemia, and what is the best way to treat it?

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28
Q

Diagnosement and effects of hyperglycemia?

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29
Q

Clinical implications of hyperglycemia?

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30
Q

Diagnosement of metabolic syndrome?

A

At least three of the following:

  1. Fasting plasma glucose >110mg/dL
  2. Abdominal obesity
  3. Serum triglyceride level >150mg/dL
  4. Serum HDL <40mg/dL
  5. Blood pressure >130/85
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31
Q

Normal range for HbA1C?

A

4-6%

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32
Q

What do secretagogues do (sulfonylureas, meglitinides)?

A

Increase insulin availability

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33
Q

How do biguanides (metformin) work?

A

Suppress excessive hepatic glucose release by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhance utilization of glucose transport across cell membranes.

Decrease plasma levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, postprandial hyperlipidemia and plasma FFA

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34
Q

How do the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) work?

A

Improve insulin sensitivity by binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors located in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Influence the expression of genes encoding proteins for glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial function, and atherogenesis

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35
Q

How do a-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol) work?

A

Delay GI glucose absorption by inhibiting a-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of enterocytes in the proximal SI, which delays glucose absorption.

Administered before a main meal to ensure their presence at the site of action.

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36
Q

Normal fastin glucose levels?

A

90-130mg/dL

37
Q

In general, patients with T1D require how many units of insulin/kg/day?

A

0.5-1 U/kg/day divided into multiple doses, with approximately 50% given as basal insulin

38
Q

1 U of regular insulin lowers blood glucose (mg/dL) by how much?

A
39
Q

What is diabetic neuropathy?

A
40
Q

Symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy

A
41
Q

Symptoms of Autonomic Neuropathy

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42
Q

Diabetic CV symptoms

A
43
Q

Diabetic urinary symptoms

A
44
Q

Factors that increase risk of Diabetic Nephropathy

A
45
Q

Symptoms of Diabetic Nephropathy

A
46
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 1

A
47
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 2

A
48
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 3

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49
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 4

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50
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 5

A
51
Q

Preoperative evaluation for Diabetics

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52
Q

Preoperative considerations for Diabetics

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53
Q

ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT NIDDM

A
54
Q

Importance of Stiff Joint Syndrome

A
55
Q

Anesthetic management considerations for Diabetics before they are on the table

A
56
Q

Importance of Perioperative Glucose Control

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57
Q

Normal BUN:Creatinine ratio?

A
58
Q

Short term Complications: (metabolic)

A
59
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A
  • Complication of decompensated diabetes mellitus
  • Happen more in Type 1 DM
  • Increase in production of ketoacids creates an anion-gap metabolic acidosis
  • Deficits in water, potassium, and phosphorus exist, as well as hyponatremia
60
Q

Clinical presentation and diagnosement of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A
61
Q

Answers to find before patient is asleep for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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62
Q

Lab values with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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63
Q

Fluid replacement for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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64
Q

Dosing of insulin

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65
Q

Administration of KCl for DKA

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66
Q

Considerations for cerebral edema?

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67
Q

Considerations for fluid/electrolyte administration?

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68
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNKS)

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69
Q

HHNKC Manifestations

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70
Q

Treatment for HHNKC

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71
Q

What is Lactic Acidosis

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72
Q

Infections in Diabetes

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73
Q

Long term Complications

(Angiopathy)

A
74
Q

Neuropathic ulcer

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75
Q

Diabetic Amyotrophy

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76
Q

Claw foot – Dermopathy & Neuropathy

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77
Q

Nephropathy

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78
Q

Retinopathy

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79
Q

Macroangiopathy Atherosclerosis

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80
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans

A
81
Q

Diabetic Gangrene

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82
Q

Ankle block - Anatomy

A
83
Q

Ankle block - Location of superficial peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

A
84
Q

Ankle block - Location of deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5)

A
85
Q

Ankle block - Location of sural nerve (S1-S2)

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86
Q

Ankle block - Location of tibial nerve

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87
Q

Ankle block - Location of saphenous nerve (L3-L4)

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88
Q

Ankle dermatomes

A
89
Q

Technique for Ankle block

A

Co-Existing Disease (6 decks)

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