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Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence of diabetes?

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2
Q

Hyperglycemia producing hormones?

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3
Q

Diagnoses of Type 1 diabetes?

A
  1. Presence of random blood glucose level higher than 200mg/dL
  2. Hemoglobin A1C level above 7.0%
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4
Q

What does hemoglobin A1C tell you?

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5
Q

Incidence of occurence of all types of “Primary” Diabetes?

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6
Q

Types or causes of “Secondary” or “Other” Diabetes (other than Type 1 and 2)?

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7
Q

What is IDDM Type 1?

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8
Q

Clinical Presentation
IDDM Type I

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9
Q

Long term management
IDDM Type I

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10
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Rapid-acting insulin

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11
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Regular or Short-acting insulin

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12
Q

Onset/peak/duration of Intermediate-acting insulin

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13
Q

Onset/peak/duration of long-acting insulin

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14
Q

Inhaled Insulin (Afrezza)

A
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15
Q

What strength insulin will you possibly encounter, but is mostly used in veterinary practice?

A
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16
Q

Most common strength of insulin in US?

A
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17
Q

Intraop usually administered IV not SQ ALWAYS flush line well, what are normal infustion rates?

How much does 1U of insulin lower BG (mg/dL)?

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18
Q

What is NIDDM- Type 2?

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19
Q

Type 2 DM Causes

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20
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of
Long-term Diabetes Mellitus

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22
Q

What is Microangiopathy?

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23
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A
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24
Q

What are Oral Anti-diabetic Medications, how do they work?

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25
Q

Acute complications of Diabetes - Hypoglycemia

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26
Q

Acute complications of Diabetes - Hyperglycemia

A
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27
Q

What exacerbates hypoglycemia, and what is the best way to treat it?

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28
Q

Diagnosement and effects of hyperglycemia?

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29
Q

Clinical implications of hyperglycemia?

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30
Q

Diagnosement of metabolic syndrome?

A

At least three of the following:

  1. Fasting plasma glucose >110mg/dL
  2. Abdominal obesity
  3. Serum triglyceride level >150mg/dL
  4. Serum HDL <40mg/dL
  5. Blood pressure >130/85
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31
Q

Normal range for HbA1C?

A

4-6%

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32
Q

What do secretagogues do (sulfonylureas, meglitinides)?

A

Increase insulin availability

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33
Q

How do biguanides (metformin) work?

A

Suppress excessive hepatic glucose release by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhance utilization of glucose transport across cell membranes.

Decrease plasma levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, postprandial hyperlipidemia and plasma FFA

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34
Q

How do the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) work?

A

Improve insulin sensitivity by binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors located in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Influence the expression of genes encoding proteins for glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial function, and atherogenesis

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35
Q

How do a-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol) work?

A

Delay GI glucose absorption by inhibiting a-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of enterocytes in the proximal SI, which delays glucose absorption.

Administered before a main meal to ensure their presence at the site of action.

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36
Q

Normal fastin glucose levels?

A

90-130mg/dL

37
Q

In general, patients with T1D require how many units of insulin/kg/day?

A

0.5-1 U/kg/day divided into multiple doses, with approximately 50% given as basal insulin

38
Q

1 U of regular insulin lowers blood glucose (mg/dL) by how much?

39
Q

What is diabetic neuropathy?

40
Q

Symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy

41
Q

Symptoms of Autonomic Neuropathy

42
Q

Diabetic CV symptoms

43
Q

Diabetic urinary symptoms

44
Q

Factors that increase risk of Diabetic Nephropathy

45
Q

Symptoms of Diabetic Nephropathy

46
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 1

47
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 2

48
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 3

49
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 4

50
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy - Stage 5

51
Q

Preoperative evaluation for Diabetics

52
Q

Preoperative considerations for Diabetics

53
Q

ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT NIDDM

54
Q

Importance of Stiff Joint Syndrome

55
Q

Anesthetic management considerations for Diabetics before they are on the table

56
Q

Importance of Perioperative Glucose Control

57
Q

Normal BUN:Creatinine ratio?

58
Q

Short term Complications: (metabolic)

59
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A
  • Complication of decompensated diabetes mellitus
  • Happen more in Type 1 DM
  • Increase in production of ketoacids creates an anion-gap metabolic acidosis
  • Deficits in water, potassium, and phosphorus exist, as well as hyponatremia
60
Q

Clinical presentation and diagnosement of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

61
Q

Answers to find before patient is asleep for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

62
Q

Lab values with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

63
Q

Fluid replacement for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

64
Q

Dosing of insulin

65
Q

Administration of KCl for DKA

66
Q

Considerations for cerebral edema?

67
Q

Considerations for fluid/electrolyte administration?

68
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNKS)

69
Q

HHNKC Manifestations

70
Q

Treatment for HHNKC

71
Q

What is Lactic Acidosis

72
Q

Infections in Diabetes

73
Q

Long term Complications

(Angiopathy)

74
Q

Neuropathic ulcer

75
Q

Diabetic Amyotrophy

76
Q

Claw foot – Dermopathy & Neuropathy

77
Q

Nephropathy

78
Q

Retinopathy

79
Q

Macroangiopathy Atherosclerosis

80
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans

81
Q

Diabetic Gangrene

82
Q

Ankle block - Anatomy

83
Q

Ankle block - Location of superficial peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

84
Q

Ankle block - Location of deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5)

85
Q

Ankle block - Location of sural nerve (S1-S2)

86
Q

Ankle block - Location of tibial nerve

87
Q

Ankle block - Location of saphenous nerve (L3-L4)

88
Q

Ankle dermatomes

89
Q

Technique for Ankle block

Co-Existing Disease (6 decks)

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