Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • juvenile diabetes
  • genetic/ environmental component
  • underlying mech involves autoimmune desruction of insulin prod beta cells
  • 5-10% of diabetes
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2
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Adult onset (50% are obese)

  • insulin resistant skeletal muscle
  • 90-95% of diabetes
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3
Q

complications T2DM

A
  • CVD
  • lower limb amputation
  • kidney failure
  • cognitive dysfunction
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4
Q

symptoms of T2DM

A
  • fatigue (not braking down energy sources)
  • extreme thirst (to dialate glucose)
  • extreme hunger
  • lean body loss
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5
Q

flow or how muscle atrophy+ decreased insulin signaling happens due to T2DM

A

metabolic acidosis
increase FFA
Inflammation (IL6, TNfa)
increase glucose

all lead to decreased insulin signaling

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6
Q

normal insulin signaling

A
  • when insulin binds to receptors phosphate sites open + autophosphorylation occurs
  • IRS gets phosphorylates and activates P13K which converts PIP2 to PIP3
  • PIP3 phosphorylates PDK1 which goes to AKT
  • AKT travels to AS160 which dissociates from GLUT4
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7
Q

Non normal insulin signaling

A

-FFA will come into cell and block IRS1 and increase ROS which blocks P13K
-both cause PIP2 not to become PIP3
TNFa allso activates IKK which blocks IRS1

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8
Q

Ischemia affects

A

increase ROS, Ca, Calpain, H+, decrease ATP, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

reprofusion affects

A

increase ROS, Ca, Calpain, Caspase-3, opens MPTP which leads to cell death

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10
Q

both ischemia and reprofusion lead to

A

mitochondrial injury and cardiac cell death due to necrosis and apoptosis

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11
Q

exercise effects on CVD

A
  • increase parasympathetic regulation protecting against ischemia-reprofusion injury
  • promotes muscle derived myokines
  • can improve myocardial regeneration capacity
  • can reverse loss of muscle mass/strength
  • angiogenesis (coronary collaterization)
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12
Q

Mediators for cardioprotection

A
  • NO increases vasodialation (less likely for obstruction)
    -HSP- increase immediatly following ex, protects pro from ROS
    -ER stress pro- protects from calcium overload
    cystolic antioxidants- fight against free rads in mitochondria
    SODI1/2- found in matrix of mito, converts reactibe O2 rto H2O2
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13
Q

Endurance training effect against I-R injury

A

increases SOD2 which alters mito turnover and phenotype which provides cardio protection

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14
Q

Heart failure + symptoms

A

when heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain bf to the body
-shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in legs, rapid/irregular heart beat

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15
Q

2 types of heart failure

A

HF w/ preserved ejection fraction
- stiff and thick chambers, maladaptive

HF w/ reduced ejection fraction
-stretched and thin chambers, can fill heart just not strong enough to pump blood out

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16
Q

cardiovascular improvement w endurance/Hiit

A
  • increase Vo2 max
  • decrease resting HR
  • Increase LV size
  • improved systolic and diastolic lv function