cancer/sarcopenia Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of cancer

A
  • fatigue
  • lump under skin
  • weight changes
  • skin changes
  • changes in bowel
  • difficulty swallowing
  • persistant pain, fevers
  • unexplained bleeding/bruising
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2
Q

causes of cancer (3 paths)

A

Proto-oncogenes- involved in normal cell growth and division. however when these genes are mutated they become cancer causing genes (oncogenes) allowing cells to grow/divide when they shouldnt

Tumor suppressor- involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells w alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in uncontrolled manner

DNA repair genes- involved in fixing damaged DNA. cells w mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations

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3
Q

4 Stages of cancer

A
  1. smaller than 2cm, localized
  2. 2-5cm, becomes vascularized
  3. > 5cm, spreads to lymph nodes
  4. Metastasized, defragments into vasculature
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4
Q

How does dysfunctional adipose tissue afffect tumor development (3 ways)

A
  1. inflamation
    - adipose tussue recruits m1 macrophages (proinflammatory)
    - increased expression of C reactive pro, IL6, TNFa
  2. Insulin resistance
    - chronic hyperinsulinaemia
  3. Hypoxia angiogenesis
    - angiogenesis (helps get tumor vascularized)
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5
Q

what is cachaxia

A

80% of cancer patients will have it

characterized by increased protein degradation and decreased pro synthesis

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6
Q

Cachaxia flow

A

Tumor-> TNFa/ IL6 (systematic inflamation)–> muscle wasting, increase brown fat (for nothing), fat depletion, Increases UCP1 (ruins gradient leads to less energy)

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7
Q

Exercise effect on tumor

A

increase AMPK activation in tumor

inhibits AKT/MTOR pathway in tumor which inhibits its growth

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8
Q

first line of defence in imune function

A

NK cells and T cells (tumors inhibit these)

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9
Q

How does exercise help with immune function

A

exercise increases epinephrine which releases NK cells

exercise induced IL6 is involved w NK cell distribution

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10
Q

What is sarcopenia characterized by

A

loss of strength, coordination, mobility, decreased resting energy expenditure, increase risk of falls

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11
Q

Aging + sarcopenia flow chart

A

Aging–> decrease PA –> increase abdominal fat –> decrease adiponectin, increase TNFa, increase IL6–> muscle wating and macrophage recruitment (inflamation)

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12
Q

3 general aspects of sarcopenia

A
  1. muscle fibre atrophy
  2. loss of muscle fibres (greater loss of type 2, fewer MUs)
  3. slowing of contractile properties
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13
Q

SMAD3 path

A

Smad 3 results in calcium mishandling which increases calpain which targets actin and myosin

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14
Q

how mitochondrial dysfunction affects muscles

A

Increase ROS-> increase ER stress -> blocks mTOR

increase AMP/ATP–> increase AMPK-> blocks mTOR

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15
Q

What does IGF stim

A

stims both proliferation and differentiaction of sat cells during muscle growt
-induces calcineruon nuclear factor which actibates GATA2 (related to hypertrophy)

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16
Q

Endurance exercise on sarcopenia

A
  • increase PGC1a (mito biogenesis)
  • increase mito fission and fussion
  • increase pro and sat cell expression
  • decrease myostatin
  • inhibit apoptosis
  • increase GH and IGF1
17
Q

Resistance exercise on sarcopenia

A

increase strength
stim pro synthesis
inhibit apoptosis and autophagy