cancer/sarcopenia

Question 1

Symptoms of cancer

Answer 1

• fatigue
• lump under skin
• weight changes
• skin changes
• changes in bowel
• difficulty swallowing
• persistant pain, fevers
• unexplained bleeding/bruising

Question 2

causes of cancer (3 paths)

Answer 2

Proto-oncogenes- involved in normal cell growth and division. however when these genes are mutated they become cancer causing genes (oncogenes) allowing cells to grow/divide when they shouldnt

Tumor suppressor- involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells w alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in uncontrolled manner

DNA repair genes- involved in fixing damaged DNA. cells w mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations

Question 3

4 Stages of cancer

Answer 3

1. smaller than 2cm, localized
2. 2-5cm, becomes vascularized
3. > 5cm, spreads to lymph nodes
4. Metastasized, defragments into vasculature

Question 4

How does dysfunctional adipose tissue afffect tumor development (3 ways)

Answer 4

1. inflamation
   - adipose tussue recruits m1 macrophages (proinflammatory)
   - increased expression of C reactive pro, IL6, TNFa
2. Insulin resistance
   - chronic hyperinsulinaemia
3. Hypoxia angiogenesis
   - angiogenesis (helps get tumor vascularized)

Question 5

what is cachaxia

Answer 5

80% of cancer patients will have it

characterized by increased protein degradation and decreased pro synthesis

Question 6

Cachaxia flow

Answer 6

Tumor-> TNFa/ IL6 (systematic inflamation)–> muscle wasting, increase brown fat (for nothing), fat depletion, Increases UCP1 (ruins gradient leads to less energy)

Question 7

Exercise effect on tumor

Answer 7

increase AMPK activation in tumor

inhibits AKT/MTOR pathway in tumor which inhibits its growth

Question 8

first line of defence in imune function

Answer 8

NK cells and T cells (tumors inhibit these)

Question 9

How does exercise help with immune function

Answer 9

exercise increases epinephrine which releases NK cells

exercise induced IL6 is involved w NK cell distribution

Question 10

What is sarcopenia characterized by

Answer 10

loss of strength, coordination, mobility, decreased resting energy expenditure, increase risk of falls

Question 11

Aging + sarcopenia flow chart

Answer 11

Aging–> decrease PA –> increase abdominal fat –> decrease adiponectin, increase TNFa, increase IL6–> muscle wating and macrophage recruitment (inflamation)

Question 12

3 general aspects of sarcopenia

Answer 12

1. muscle fibre atrophy
2. loss of muscle fibres (greater loss of type 2, fewer MUs)
3. slowing of contractile properties

Question 13

SMAD3 path

Answer 13

Smad 3 results in calcium mishandling which increases calpain which targets actin and myosin

Question 14

how mitochondrial dysfunction affects muscles

Answer 14

Increase ROS-> increase ER stress -> blocks mTOR

increase AMP/ATP–> increase AMPK-> blocks mTOR

Question 15

What does IGF stim

Answer 15

stims both proliferation and differentiaction of sat cells during muscle growt
-induces calcineruon nuclear factor which actibates GATA2 (related to hypertrophy)

Question 16

Endurance exercise on sarcopenia

Answer 16

• increase PGC1a (mito biogenesis)
• increase mito fission and fussion
• increase pro and sat cell expression
• decrease myostatin
• inhibit apoptosis
• increase GH and IGF1

Question 17

Resistance exercise on sarcopenia

Answer 17

increase strength
stim pro synthesis
inhibit apoptosis and autophagy