Diabetes Flashcards
what is diabetes mellitus
is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
what # leading cause of death is diabetes
7th
what does diabetes contribute to
heart disease and stroke
_ and _ people have diabetes
1 and 9
what is the goal of managing diabetes
euglycemia
what is euglycemia
normal glucose levels
BG: 70-140
what is hypoglycemia
low glucose levels
BG: less than 70
what is hyperglycemia
high glucose levels
BG: over 140
what is the normal fasting blood sugars
70-100
usually no food for 8 hours
what is the normal fed blood sugars
70-140 have eaten (euglycemia)
what is the criteria for testing for diabetes
ALL OVERWEIGHT ADULTS +
- physical inactivity
- first degree relative with DM
- high risk race
- females who had overweight babies
- hypertension
- women with polycystic ovary syndrome
- abnormal lipid levels
what is the over weight BMI
over 25
what is the overweight BMI for asians
23
If over the age of 45 and the results are normal how many years do you need to get checked
every 3
insulin is a hormone secreted by the
beta cells in the islets of the pancreas
what is anabolic activity of insulin
is stored as storage hormone
what is catabolic activity of insulin
glycogen to glucose breakdown
what are the couterregulatory hormones
increase blood sugars
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- growth hormone
- cortisol
where is glucagon secreted
alpha cells of pancreas
where is epinephrine secreted
adrenal medulla
where is growth hormone secreted
pitutiary
where is cortisol secreted
adrenal cortex
what are the characteristics of type 1 diabetes
- young, before 40
- thin
- poly symptoms
- ketosis
- abrupt onset followed by honeymoon
what is polyuria
frequent urination
what is polyphagia
excessive hunger
what is polydispia
excessive thirst
what is the etiology of type 1 diabetes
autoimmune
environmental trigger
genetic predisposition
progressive beta cell destruction
what is the etiology of type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
beta cell defect
adipokines
abnormal hepatic glucose regualtion
what babies are more likely to have type 2 diabetes
born with low birth weight
what % of population have type 2 diabetes
90-95%
what are some characteristics of type 2 diabetes
- insidiuos onset= slow
- ketosis-resistant
- polys plus fatigue, visual change, weight loss, recurrent infections
what countries are high for type 2 diabetes
china and asia
which genetic influence is highest for type 2 diabetes
native americans
hispanic
african americans
what is the criteria for diagnosis of type 2
- random plasma glucose greater than 200 with class poly symptoms
- fasting plasma glucose greater than 126
- oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200
- A1C greater than 6.5%
- must be confirmed on a different day
what is the oral glucose tolerance test
given a lot of sugar and then test
what is the A1C
average blood sugar over 2-3 months
what is the first question before testing blood sugars
when they last ate
what are the diabetes prevention program
maintain minimum 7% weight loss
- 150 min of physical activity per week
- healthy diet
what is the normal fasting state
less than 100
what is the pre diabetes fasting state
greater than 100
what is the diabetes fasting state
less than 126
greater than 100
what is the normal fed state
less than 140
what is the pre diabetes fed state
less than 200
greater than 140
what is the diabetes fed state
greater than 200
women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk for
C section
babies with birth injury, neonatal complications or prenatal death
women with gestational diabetes have a high risk for what after pregnancy
type 2 diabetes within 16 years
what do carbohydrates do with blood sugar
increase
excessive amount of alcohol will lead to
low blood sugar level
what should the goals of nutrition therapy for the patient with type 2 include
a. ideal body weight
b. normal serum glucose and lipid levels
c. special diabetic diet using special foods
d. five small meals a day with a snack
B
why are the hormones glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol referred to as counter regulatory hormone
a. decrease glucose production
b. stimulate glucose output by liver
c. increase glucose transport into the cell
B
In type 1 diabetes there is an osmotic effect of glucose when insulin deficiency presents the use of glucose for energy, which classic symptom is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose
a. fatigue
b. polydipsia
c. polyphasgia
B
which lab result would indicate patient has pre diabetes A. OGGT of 132 B. OGGT of 240 C. FBG of 80 D. FBG of 120
D
A client who ate breakfast has blood sugar of 136
a. normal
B. indicative of diabetes
C. indicative of impaired fasting glucose
D. indicative of impaired glucose tolerance
A
