Diabetes Flashcards
What fasting glucose result is diagnostic of diabetes?
> 7
What random glucose is diagnostic of diabetes?
> 11.1
How is diabetes mellitus diagnosed?
abnormal plasma glucose (fasting or random) and diabetic symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, weight loss, recurrent infections, drowsiness and coma
What is diabetes insipidus?
hyposecretion or insensitivity to ADH
What is the mechanism of type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune B-islet cells attack
absolute insulin deficiency
What is the mechanism of type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance
What is the average age that T1DM presents?
13
What is the average age that T2DM presents?
> 50
What is the management for T1DM?
subcutaneous insulin
What are the types of rapid insulin, when are they taken?
lisper, aspart, glulisine
before meals
What are the types of intermediate-acting insulin?
isophane
What is the difference between synthetic and insulin - rapid acting?
insulin has a faster onset and shorter duration than synthetic alternatives
What does biphasic insulin contain?
intermediate and soluble rapid insulin
What are the types of long acting insulin?
detenir and glargine
What is the duration of long acting insulin and how often is it take?
36 hours
once a day
What is the first line treatment for T2DM?
diet and lifestyle
What is the first line medication for T2DM?
metformin
What is the order of oral hypoglycaemics after metformin?
sulfonylureas
thiazolidiones
Dpp-4 inhibitors
-flozin
what are the adverse effects associated with sulfonylureas?
hypoglycaemia and weight gain
what are some examples of sulfonylureas?
gliclazide, glibenclamide, glimepridine, tolbutamide
What type of oral hypoglycaemic is pioglitazone?
thiazolidiones
How are the Dpp-4 inhibitors names?
gliptins
what are the signs of retinopathy in diabetic eye disease and what doe this lead to?
dot and blot haemorrhages
cotton wool spots
angiogenesis - weak. leaky
what are the types of diabetic neuropathy?
loss of vibration - glove and stocking
mononeuropathies
amyotrophy - painful wasting thighs
autonomic - postural hypotension, reduced vagal tone
What is the difference between peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy in diabetic foot disease?
vascular - cold, painful foot
neuropathy - warm, not painful
What is the signs of diabetic nephropathy?
high GFR
albuminurea
