Diabetes Flashcards by Abbie Dunn

diagnosis of diabetes

fasting glucose >= 7mmol/l

random glucoe >=11mmol/l

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HLA genes associated with T1DM

DR3-DQ2

DR4-DQ8

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

classic triad of diabetes

polyuria
polydipsia
weight loss

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

measurement of glycaemic control

HbA1c

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ideal range for HbA1c

48-58mmol/l

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microvascular complications

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

child diagnosed at

neonatal diabetes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is LADA

latent onset diabetes of adulthood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

features of LADA

elevated levels of pancreatic auto-antibodies in patients with recently diagnosed diabetes who do not initially require insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

features of Wolfram syndrome

diabetes insipidus 
diabetes mellitus
optic atrophy 
deafness 
neurological anomalies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome

obese 
polydactyly 
hypogonadal 
visual and hearing impairment 
mental retardation 
diabetes

occurs in consanguineous patients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

main treatment in T1DM

insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

usual regime for insulin

basal bolus - mimics normal endogenous production, taken before meals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rapid acting analogues

Humalog (insulin lispro)
NovoRapid
Apidra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

short-acting insulins

Humulin S
Actrapid
Insuman Rapid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intermediate acting insulins

Insulatard
Humulin I
Insuman Basal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long-acting analogues

Lantus or Levemir

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rapid acting analogue-intermediate mixture

Humalog Mix25/Mix50 or NovoMix 30

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

short acting-intermediate mixture

Humulin M3

Insuman Comb 15/25/50

Prandial insulins

- insulin analogues or soluble insulin

Insulin aspart (NovoRapid), lispro (Humalog), glulisine (Apidra) 
Actrapid, Humulin S

Basal insulins

isophane basal insulins
analogue basal insulins

Insulatard, Humulin I

Lantus, Levemir

what is HbA1c

glycated haemaglobin on exposure to glucose

measures average blood glucose over a period of 6-8wks

48mmol/mol

6.5%

53mmol/mol

58mmol/mol

7.5%

side effects of insulin injection

lipohypertrophy around site of injection

T2DM is a mild inflammatory state - what happens?

increased CRP and more free fatty acids circulating which has an inhibitory effect on insulin receptors

what is the major defect in T2DM

beta cell dysfunction - reduced ability of B cells to secrete insulin in response to hyperglycaemia

what type of weight distribution puts people at more risk of T2DM

central obesity

metabolic syndrome

high BP high triglycerides low HDL insulin resistance

inheritance of MODY

autosomal dominant

is MODY insulin dependent?

2 main classifications of MODY

glucokinase mutations | transcription factor mutations

when do glucokinase mutations present

birth

features of glucokinase mutations

stable hyperglycaemia diet treatment needed complications are rare

when do transcription factor mutations present

adolescence

features of transcription factor mutations

progressive hyperglycaemia 1/3 diet, 1/3 meds, 1/3 insulin complications frequent HNF 1a is SU sensitive

what causes neonatal diabetes

potassium channel gene mutations

how do you treat neonatal diabetes

insulin treatment within the first 3m of life

2 types of neonatal diabetes

transient | permanent

transient timeline

diagnosed

permanent timeline

diagnosed 0-6wks | lifelong treatment with insulin required

HbA1c target for diabetics

53mmol/mol

blood glucose targets before a meal

4-7mmol/l

blood glucose targets 1-2hrs post meal

less than ten

what ketone is measured in the blood

2-beta-hydroxybutyrate