Diabetes Flashcards
Type 2 DM age of onset
> 40 yo
Type 1 DM rapidity of onset
Abrupt
Type 2 DM rapidity of onset
Gradual
Type 1 DM body weight
Usually thin and undernourished
Type 2 DM body weight
Obesity is common
Does Type 1 DM have islet cell antibodies/ pancreatic cell-mediated immunity?
Yes
Does Type 2 DM have islet cell antibodies/ pancreatic cell-mediated immunity?
No
Is ketosis common in Type 1 DM or type 2 DM?
Type 1
Insulin levels in Type 1 DM
Diminished or totally absent
Insulin levels in Type 2 DM
Low, normal, or high (depends on insulin resistance)
Type 1 DM symptoms
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia (3 Ps), weight loss
Type 2 DM symptoms
Asymptomatic or could have polyuria + polydipsia + polyphagia
C-peptide fasting range
0.78-1.89 ng/mL
C-peptide range 1 hour after glucose load
5-12 ng/mL
High levels of C-peptide indicate:
Type 2 DM
Low levels of C-peptide indicate:
Type 1 DM
Autoantibodies present indicate:
Type 1 DM
Normal FPG levels
Less than 100
Pre-diabetes FPG levels
100-125
DM FPG levels
> or = 126
Gestational DM FPG levels
> or = 92
Gestational DM OGTT value at 1 hr
> or = 180
Normal OGTT value at 2 hr
Less than 140
Pre-diabetes OGTT value at 2 hr
140-199
DM OGTT value at 2 hr
> or = 200
Gestational DM OGTT value at 2 hr
> or = 153
Normal A1C level
Less than 5.7%
Pre-diabetes A1C level
5.7-6.4%
DM A1C level
> or = 6.5%
Gestational DM A1C level
N/a
FPG test is best indicator for:
Glucose homeostasis
OGTT best for:
Screen/diagnose gestational diabetes
A1C best indicates:
Glucose control over past 3 months
Type 1 DM age of onset
Child hood or adolescence
Fructosamine normal range
Less than 285 micromol/L
Large quantities of fructosamine found in diabetics or non-diabetics?
diabetics
Urine glucose norm
Negative
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) seen mostly in:
Type 1 DM
DKA causes:
Infections, illness, emotional stress, nonadherence/inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed type 1 DM
Signs of DKA:
Dehydration, lethargy, acetone-smelling breath, ab pain, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, tachypnea
Findings of DKA:
High glucose concentration, ketones present in blood/urine, low venous bicarbonate, decreased arterial pH, electrolyte abnormalities, elevated SCr & BUN, elevated serum osmolality
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state (HHS) occurs in:
most elderly patients w/ type 2 DM
Signs of HHS:
Decreased mentation (lethargy, confusion, dehydration), seizures, GI symptoms
Findings of HHS
Severe hyperglycemia, ABSENCE of ketones, electrolyte abnormalities, elevated SCr & BUN, elevated serum osmolality
Causes of hypoglycemia:
Excess blood glucose lowering meds, physical activity, inadequate carb intake
Hypoglycemia more common in type 1 or type 2 DM?
Type 1 DM
How to treat hypoglycemia
Rule of 15
ADA A1C goal:
Less than 7%
AACE A1C goal:
Less than or equal to 6.5%
ADA FPG goal:
80-130 mg/dL
AACE FPG goal:
Less than 110 mg/dL
ADA peak postprandial plasma glucose goal:
Less than 180 mg/dL
AACE peak postprandial plasma glucose goal:
Less than 140 mg/dL
Type 1 DM age of onset
Childhood or adolescence
