Diabetes Flashcards
Homeostasis
Disrupted by an imbalance which is detected by a receptor that send an afferent signal to the control center where an efferent signal is sent to the effector that respond by restoring homeostasis
5 basic principles to maintain homeostasis
1- shape= function, change shape and change activity of molecule
2- to move water, move solute first
3- blood pressure= blood volume
4- loss of compartment integrity leads to disease/death
5- Bicarb equation of vital to homeostasis
Normal body parameters
Blood
BPM
BP
PH
5 L
60-80, 70 AVG
120/80
7.35-7.45
RR
BLGLU
O2
TEMP
12-15
100
98% saturated
97 Degrees
What type of feedback loop is homeostasis
Negative feedback loop because the body receives a signal then release a response to stop the signal
Diabetes
Failure to regulate blood glucose by insulin release and reception
Type 1 diabetes
Insulin isn’t produced by the pancreas, insulin-dependent
Type 2 diabetes
Pancreas don’t produce enough insulin
Gestational diabetes
Insulin is less effective during pregnancy
Diabetes symptoms
Frequently urination, dizziness, vision blurred, constant feeling of hunger, fatigue, dry mouth, itching
Metabolism
Refers to anabolic (build up) and catabolic (break down) reactions within the cell
Diet
Carbohydrates and be used to build up amino acids and fats and the reverse can occur
Glycogenesis
Glucose to glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Breaks down glycogen to glucose
Lipogenesis
Excess glucose can be used to make fat stores
Lipolysis
Break down fats to free fatty acid
Gluconeogenesis
New glucose from amino acid
Fed State
Immediately after eating, converted into glycogen and triglycerides, insulin is dominant. Enzymes for glycogen breakdown are inhibited.
Fasted State
Between meals, break down glycogen and triglycerides into glucose, glucagon is dominant. Enzymes for glycogen synthesis are inhibited.
In fed state, triglycerides and cholesterol are absorbed and/or synthesized from glucose
1- glycerol (3C) is made from glucose during glycolysis
2-Fatty acids are when two carbon units from acetyl CoA are linked together
3- 1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids combine to make triglyceride
In fasted state, glycogenolysis, amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis maintain ATP and glucose blood level
-Glycogenolysis is when glycogen is broken down back into glucose by the the liver and kidney
-Glycogenic AA can be broken down into pyruvate then go back to glycolysis and used to reproduced glucose through gluconeogenesis.
-Fatty acids can be beta-oxidized and used to produced ATP. Lipolysis is when triglycerides is broken down into fatty acids
How are protein, carbohydrate or fat metabolized
Acetyl group can be used to make steroid hormones, fatty acids and oxaloacetate to citrate then amino acids are made.
What are some essential nutrients obtained through eating
Acetyl groups C=C
Amino acids (8 essential ones)
Fatty acids (2C)
Vitamins( water, fat-soluble)
Minerals (micro, macro)
Polymers of glucose can be used for energy storage and structural support
Cellulose is fiber that can’t be broken down due to its orientation and is able to pack tightly so we can’t digest it, beta linkage.
Starch and Glycogen are polymers of glucose that can only branch into one direction.
Starch isn’t well branched and glycogen is highly branched, alpha linkage.