Cardiophysiology Flashcards
How many types of tissues are used?
4
Connective tissue (6) types
Blood, cartilage, bone, etc. Everything else.
Nervous Tissue
Neurons and glial cells for communication
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac- contract
Skeletal- move body through joint and space
Smooth-Lining of organs like GI track
Dependent on calcium and sodium.
Epithetial tissue
-Lining of the respiratory and digestive track.
-Epidermis, outside and endodermis inside.
Decide what travels the barrier.
Luminal- facing the light
basolateral- facing inwards.
Heart located within what cavity? What is the anatomical position?
In the thorax cavity.
Look at it facing someone else.
My right will be the left.
Vena Cava
Aorta
Coronary arteries
Vena Cava Biggest vein of the heart that brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Aorta biggest artery of the heart that carries oxygenated blood out to the body.
Coronary arteries wraps around the heart and feeds it like a crown.
Veins take blood in the heart and artery take blood away.
Where does the right side and left side of the heart pump blood to?
Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
What anchors the valves and what are the two atrial/ventricular valves?
LABRAT
the chordae tendineae anchor the valves and prevents backflow of blood. They are the heartstrings of the heart.
What is the flow of blood?
Always from high to low pressure.
What is ischemia and ischemia stroke?
Ischemia is when parts of the body are deprived of oxygens and nutrients from the blood.
An ischemia stroke is when the brain isn’t being fed.
What is a heart murmur ?
Leakage sound that occurs when the blood flows back to the atrium from the ventricle or from the aorta or pulmonary valves to the ventricles.
What happens when the heart is overworked?
The ventricles get smaller which leads to heart failure.
What are the interventricular septum and papillary muscles?
The interventricular septum is what divides the left and right ventricles.
Papillary muscles are muscles from which the chordae tendinea arise from.
What is the sequence of blood flow?
Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium(though the vena cava) goes through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle then up the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries then to the lung to get oxygenated. Oxygenated blood comes through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium then though the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle then trough the aortic valve to the aorta and goes to every part of the body.
Autorhythmic cells (SA and AV nodes)
Generate action potentials and control the heartrate though slow depolarization. No need for the nervous system. Never at rest.
-60 is the new resting potential and -40 is the threshold potential.
1)At -60 mV, If (funny) channels open and sodium rushes in and potassium leave the cell. Depolarization occurs.
2)At -40 mV, funny channels closes and Calcium T-channels open because the threshold is reached. Then L-channels open and it’s the action potential rising phase.
3) At the peak, calcium channels closes then slowly potassium channels open which repolarizes the cell.
4) Once at -60 mV, the cycle starts again.
Contractile cells
Electrical signals direct the sequential contraction and moves blood through the heart.
Resting potential at -90 mV.
Sodium goes in first, then potassium and chloride leave. Calcium goes in and potassium keeps leaving which creates a plateau effect. Potassium keeps leaving till resting potential is reached.
Why is the plateau effect necessary
The plateau effect prevents tetany because we don’t want the heart to fully contract.
Systole vs diastole
Systole is when the heart contracts and diastole is the heart at rest.
Where does the electrical conduction occurs
It begins at the SA node and continues through the AV node, bundle of his and through the purkinje fibers.
They activate ventricular contraction.
Tachycardia vs bradycardia
Tachy is fast and brady is slow
The autonomic nervous system ANS controls heart rate
Parasympathetic slows heart rate
Sympathetic raises heart rate
Electrical conduction of the heart is measured by the EKG
P wave for atrial contraction, depolarization
QRS complex for the activation of the ventricles
T wave is the recovery wave after the QRS complex.
The pressure-volume loop is the changing relationship between ventricular volume and fluid pressure.
A-A” is passive ventricular filling, blood in atrium
A’-B is atrial contraction, forces blood down to ventricles
B-C is isovolumetric ventricular contraction, throw blood against valves
C-D is ventricular ejection
D-A is isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
Under parasympathetic( slow heart rate)
The resting potential is lower which causes a slower rate of spontaneous depolarization due to the increase efflux of potassium and slower influx of sodium into the Autorhythmic cells.
Under sympathetic( fast heart rate)
There is a faster rate of spontaneous depolarization due to the increase of calcium and sodium in Autorhythmic cells.
Cardiac output (Q)is the work of the heart
Calculated by stroke volume( EDV-ESV) x the heart rate.
Increased by sympathetic NS and decreased parasympathetic NS
Wiggers diagram describe the relationship between pressure, volume, electrical conduction and blood flow
QRS is the beginning of Ventricular systole
Ventricular pressure goes higher than atrial pressure
Two heart sounds
Sound 1 occurs when the mitral valve closes and the ventricle is contracting
Sound 2 occurs when the aortic valve closes and the blood hits the valve. Dicrotic notch
Risks factors of Heart disease
Smoking
Hypertension
High levels of LDL