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NURS 330 quiz 2 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

where is insulin produced

A

beta B cells I islets of langerhans of pancreas and secreted due to increase in blood glucose

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2
Q

function of insulin

A

transport glucose from bloodstream into cytoplasm of cell and stored as glycogen in liver

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3
Q

what does insulin stimulate

A

stimulates glucose storage as glycogen, enhances fat deposition in adipose tissue and increases protein synthesis

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4
Q

glycogon increases

A

blood glucose

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5
Q

how does the body get glucose

A
  • carbs
  • glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis in liver to break down glycogen
  • glucagon stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver (lactate and amino acids)
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6
Q

how does the body get rid of extra blood glucose

A
  • insulin from pancreas
  • stored in liver and skeletal muscle as glycogen
  • covered to triglycerides in adipose tissue
  • inflammatory response - WBC and cytokines break down glucose
  • kidney lets glucose get voided
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7
Q

gestational DM

A

pregnancy

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8
Q

secondary DM

A

caused by illness or pharmacology that destroys beta cells in pancreas

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9
Q

what is a precursor for diabetes

A

metabolic syndrome

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10
Q

what is metabolic syndrome

A

a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

metabolic factors

A

abdominal obesity, high BP (harder to produce insulin), impaired fasting glucose, high triglyceride levels, and low HDL cholesterol levels

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12
Q

causes of DMT1

A

autoimmune disease (genes or viruses attack beta cells in pancreas), genetic

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13
Q

what happens in DMT1

A

pancreas does not secrete insulin, the body breaks down fat for energy (ketones), start early in life

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14
Q

risk factors for DMT1

A

family history and age

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15
Q

onset of symptoms

A

variable onset (quick or gradual)

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16
Q

symptoms for DM

A

polyphagia (hunger), polydipsia (thirst), polyuria, weight loss, vision change, delayed wound healing, fatigue

17
Q

causes for DMT2

A
  • environmental (diet, exercise, over weight)
  • genetics: age, family history
  • pre diabetic, or metabolic syndrome
18
Q

what happens with DMT2

A

pancreas does not secret enough insulin or the cells are insensitive to insulin (insulin resistant), occurs later in life, can become DMT1

19
Q

fasting glucose diagnosis test

A

a few tests before food where glucose levels are above 7

20
Q

glaciated hemoglobin A1C diagnosis test

A

gets average blood glucose for past 3 months (not used to diagnose type 1)

21
Q

management of DM

A
  • diet and exercise
  • BG monitoring
  • medications
  • education and support
22
Q

rapid acting analogue

A

given when food is ready and for type 1

23
Q

short acting regular

A

30 minutes, for type 1 and 2

24
Q

intermediate acting (NPH)

A

takes longer to act but lasts longer

25
Q

long acting

A

not associated with meals (can take anytime)
- less risk of hypoglycemia

26
Q

premixed

A

R before N

27
Q

oral pharmacology

A
  • metformin
  • used for type 2
  • ## helps body respond better to insulin
28
Q

nutritional therapy goal

A
  • individualized to person
  • 3 meals a day at regular times
  • limit sugars
  • limit high fat foods
  • eat high fibre
  • drink water
  • add physical activity
29
Q

signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

shaky, tremors, light headed
nervous, irritable, confused, hungry, increased heart rate, sweaty, cold, clammy, weak, changes in vision, headache, seizures, unconscious

30
Q

management of hypoglycemia

A
  • find cause: too much insulin, missed meal
  • treat low BG
  • follow protocol (juice, candies, IV sugar
  • give snack (complex carb)
31
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • BS 14-33
  • DMT1 (after infection fo high exercise)
  • fats are metabolized into ketones (smell in breath and see in urine)
32
Q

signs and symptoms of DKA

A

kussmauls respirations (rapid deep)
- sweet fruity breath
- pH acidic
- ketones in blood and urine

33
Q

treatment for DKA

A

IV fluid (saline), potassium replacement, IV insulin, cardiac monitor

34
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic nonketotic syndrome (HHS)

A
  • BS >34
  • with DMT2
  • slow onset and high mortality rate
35
Q

what happens with HHS

A

causes hyperosmolar as glucose pulls water out of blood and increases diuresis (dehydrated)

36
Q

signs and symptoms of HHS

A

somnolence, coma, seizures, aphasia, diuresis, dehydration

NURS 330 quiz 2 (5 decks)

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