Diabetes

Question 1

Types of DM

Answer 1

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

Question 2

type of DM majority of people have

Answer 2

Type 2

Question 3

DM leading cause of

Answer 3

adult blindness
End- stage kidney disease
Non-traumatic amputations

Question 4

DM major contributing factors to

Answer 4

heart disease
stroke
hypertension

Question 5

Etiology & Pathophysiology of DM

Answer 5

1. Genetic/hereditary
2. autoimmune
3. environmental
4. lifestyle

Question 6

insulin

Answer 6

released from beta cells of pancreas to lower glucose levels

Question 7

counter regulatory hormones

Answer 7

glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol

Question 8

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 8

during pregnancy. baby weighs > 9 lb

Question 9

Pathophysiology of Type 1 DM

Answer 9

complete destruction of the pancreatic cells. Progresses to lack of insulin production

Question 10

Type 1 DM

Answer 10

usually affects younger population, does to have to be genetic, rarely overweight, usually compliant

Question 11

Risk factors for T1DM

Answer 11

autoimmune, viral, environmental, medically induced

Question 12

S/S of T1DM

Answer 12

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss
fatigue
increase freq. of infections
rapid onset
insulin dependent
familial tendency
peak incidence from 10 to 15 years

Question 13

Why do you lose weight with T1DM

Answer 13

can’t use glucose to feed their cells so they are wasting away

Question 14

Most common Infections for T1DM & why

Answer 14

bacterial & yeast infections because they love a moist, sugary, environment

Question 15

Diagnosis of DM

Answer 15

hemoglobin A1C, Fasting Blood Glucose, 2 hr postprandial or oral glucose tolerance test, random blood glucose

Question 16

1 way to test for diabetes & check progression for treatment

Answer 16

HGB-A1C

Question 17

HGB-A1C

Answer 17

measures the avg. BG levels over the past 2-3 months.
does not give acute/hr to hr changes.
reported as the percentage of total blood.

Question 18

Things that scew HGB-A1C results

Answer 18

anemia, pregnancy, CKD, thalassemia, recent acute blood loss or transfusion

Question 19

Good HGB-A1C results

Answer 19

anything below 6.5

Question 20

Bad HGB-A1C results

Answer 20

anything above 6.5= diabetes

Question 21

Fasting Blood Glucose

Answer 21

No caloric intake for at least 8 hours

Question 22

Normal Range for fasting blood glucose test

Answer 22

70-110 mg/dl

Question 23

Positive DM diagnosis for fasting blood glucose test

Answer 23

Greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl

Question 24

2 hr postprandial oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 24

the patient drinks beverages with glucose load after fasting 8-12 hours.

Question 25

When is blood sample taken with the OGTT

Answer 25

prior to consumption then again 1 hr and 2 hrs after consumption

Question 26

Value based on the level at what time after OGTT

Answer 26

2 hour mark

Question 27

Positive DM results for OGTT

Answer 27

greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl

Question 28

Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Answer 28

Good for patients with erratic and unpredictable drops. Good for kids

Question 29

Insulin pump therapy

Answer 29

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion via an external device.

Question 30

Provides continuous infusion of basal insulin

Answer 30

insulin pump therapy

Question 31

Key to working with a pt. on the pump

Answer 31

motivation

Question 32

Bolus determined by…

Answer 32

pre meal blood sugar and CHO content of meal

Question 33

Pump therapy indicators

Answer 33

HBA1C greater than 6.5.
freq hypoglycemia
shift work
type 2 w/ gastroparesis
dawn phenomenon
pediatrics
exercise
hectic lifestyle

Question 34

Pump candidates

Answer 34

motivated
adequate vision & fine motor skills
strong support system
insurance coverage

Question 35

Insulin pump benefits

Answer 35

improved glycemic control
better pharmacokinetic delivery of insulin
increased flexibility
variable & individualized basal rates
does NOT eliminate SMBG

Question 36

DM causative factors

Answer 36

-genetic
-autoimmune
-environmental