CV

Question 1

What causes hypertension

Answer 1

increased cardiac output or vasoconstriction

Question 2

what is primary hypertension?

Answer 2

hypertension with no identifiable cause

Question 3

what is secondary hypertension?

Answer 3

hypertension caused by another disease process

Question 4

what is complicated hypertension?

Answer 4

sustained hypertension that effects other body systems

Question 5

what does continued hypertension do to the blood vessels?

Answer 5

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia, decrease in the diameter of vessels

Question 6

Most common symptom with hypertension

Answer 6

asymptomatic or headache

Question 7

What is the most important evaluation to do for someone with hypertension?

Answer 7

lifestyle

Question 8

what tests will be run for hypertension?

Answer 8

Urinalysis, blood, and EKG, however, none can diagnose, they’re used to see if there is damage anywhere else

Question 9

Options for treatment

Answer 9

-lifestyle modifications
-DASH diet
-moderate alcohol consumption

Question 10

The amount of blood pumped in one minute

Answer 10

cardiac output

Question 11

what is the primary diagnosis in the United States?

Answer 11

Hypertension

Question 12

Which part of the heart pushes blood out to the rest of the body?

Answer 12

Left ventricle

Question 13

What is the diet called for hypertension?

Answer 13

DASH diet

Question 14

You need to monitor potassium with this medication?

Answer 14

Lasix

Question 15

What is a diuretic that is primarily used to treat hypertension?

Answer 15

hydrochlorothiazide

Question 16

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 16

decrease in blood pressure upon standing

Question 17

What is the biggest nursing intervention with orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 17

safety– huge fall risk

Question 18

who is more likely to have orthostatic hypotension

Answer 18

Men, Elderly

Question 19

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

Accumulation of lipids in vessel walls causing narrowing or occluding of vessel

Question 20

What is myocardial ischemia?

Answer 20

Pathological mechanisms that interfere with blood flow through the coronary arteries

Question 21

What does myocardial ischemia cause?

Answer 21

lack of oxygen getting distributed into the cells

Question 22

Causes of myocardial ischemia

Answer 22

-atherosclerosis
-thrombus formation
-vasoconstriction

Question 23

because of myocardial ischemia you either have-

Answer 23

-decrease supply of blood flow (oxygen)
-increase demand of blood flow (oxygen)

Question 24

what part of the heart is the blood most oxygen rich

Answer 24

right ventricle

Question 25

what is angina?

Answer 25

chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

Question 26

Predictable pain on exertion that stops at rest

Answer 26

stable angina

Question 27

unpredictable pain caused by vasospasm usually at rest

Answer 27

prinzmetal angina

Question 28

Silent ischemia angina

Answer 28

EKG changes (ST depression) but no symptoms

Question 29

chest pain occurs at rest or during minimal activity and is not relieved with rest

Answer 29

unstable angina

Question 30

Angina goal of treatment

Answer 30

reduce myocardial oxygen consumption

Question 31

what do you do immediately if someone complains of chest pain? (3 things)

Answer 31

- put on o2 - get a 12 lead EKG - assume it is cardiac

Question 32

Medications for angina

Answer 32

nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants

Question 33

What does ST depression represent?

Answer 33

ischemia

Question 34

what does ST elevation represent?

Answer 34

injury or infarction

Question 35

umbrella term for unstable angina and myocardial infarction

Answer 35

acute coronary syndrome

Question 36

what lab looks specifically at cardiac muscle injury or damage

Answer 36

troponin

Question 37

What lab looks specifically at heart failure

Answer 37

BNP

Question 38

what drugs for ACS

Answer 38

lipid lowering drugs - statins -niacin -fibrates

Question 39

What does myocardial infarction lead to?

Answer 39

dead muscle tissue

Question 40

cardiac output is directly related to-

Answer 40

urinary output

Question 41

Nursing care for myocardial infarction

Answer 41

-bed rest -education -stool softener

Question 42

Medications for myocardial infarction

Answer 42

-morphine -oxygen -nitrates -aspirin -ace inhibitors -beta blockers

Question 43

What is a PTCA

Answer 43

looks for blockages and uses a balloon to push atherosclerosis to the side to open up the vessels

Question 44

what is a stent

Answer 44

tiny metal spring-like device that they place into the vessel at the site of a blockage to hold it open.

Question 45

What is a CCCA

Answer 45

visualize blockage and diagnose CAD

Question 46

Pre-op for CCCA

Answer 46

-NPO for 8-12 hours -Prepare the patient for expectations

Question 47

Post-op for CCCA

Answer 47

-PV assessment -monitor for dysrhythmias -assess catheter site -bed rest for 2-6 hours -keep affected extremity straight -HOB less than 30 degrees -encourage fluids to flush out dye -safety/fall risk

Question 48

What to check for post-op CCCA

Answer 48

bleeding or hematoma or blood pulling or pop

Question 49

what is a CABG

Answer 49

surgery where a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted to the occluded coronary artery

Question 50

best place to get a vessel for CABG

Answer 50

internal mammory

Question 51

how much urinary output is expected every hour

Answer 51

30 mls

Question 52

Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 52

leaflets of the mitral valve billow upward into the atrium

Question 53

S/S of mitral valve prolapse

Answer 53

often asymptomatic

Question 54

Cause of mitral valve prolapse

Answer 54

?

Question 55

Stenosis

Answer 55

valve becomes stiff and doesn't open completely

Question 56

What does stenosis cause

Answer 56

blood not able to flow through, causes extra fluid

Question 57

what is regurgitation

Answer 57

leaflets fail to completely shut and blood is able to leak into chamber

Question 58

Medications for valve disorders

Answer 58

-diuretics -beta blockers -cardiac glycosides -prophylactic antibiotics

Question 59

valve replacement or repair

Answer 59

-replace with prosthesis -mechanical valves -tissue valves

Question 60

what does someone with a mechanical valve have to take for the rest of their lives?

Answer 60

Anticoagulants

Question 61

what is heart failure?

Answer 61

The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body for oxygen and nutrition

Question 62

Causes of heart failure

Answer 62

-CAD -HTN -Valve disorder -Infection

Question 63

Left heart failure

Answer 63

pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema

Question 64

Right heart failure

Answer 64

systemic symptoms, JVD, dependent edema

Question 65

Most important nursing managements with CHF

Answer 65

-I&O -daily weight