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CSON IM3 > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

1
Q

What causes hypertension

A

increased cardiac output or vasoconstriction

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2
Q

what is primary hypertension?

A

hypertension with no identifiable cause

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3
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

hypertension caused by another disease process

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4
Q

what is complicated hypertension?

A

sustained hypertension that effects other body systems

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5
Q

what does continued hypertension do to the blood vessels?

A

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia, decrease in the diameter of vessels

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6
Q

Most common symptom with hypertension

A

asymptomatic or headache

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7
Q

What is the most important evaluation to do for someone with hypertension?

A

lifestyle

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8
Q

what tests will be run for hypertension?

A

Urinalysis, blood, and EKG, however, none can diagnose, they’re used to see if there is damage anywhere else

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9
Q

Options for treatment

A

-lifestyle modifications
-DASH diet
-moderate alcohol consumption

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10
Q

The amount of blood pumped in one minute

A

cardiac output

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11
Q

what is the primary diagnosis in the United States?

A

Hypertension

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12
Q

Which part of the heart pushes blood out to the rest of the body?

A

Left ventricle

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13
Q

What is the diet called for hypertension?

A

DASH diet

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14
Q

You need to monitor potassium with this medication?

A

Lasix

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15
Q

What is a diuretic that is primarily used to treat hypertension?

A

hydrochlorothiazide

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16
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

decrease in blood pressure upon standing

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17
Q

What is the biggest nursing intervention with orthostatic hypotension?

A

safety– huge fall risk

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18
Q

who is more likely to have orthostatic hypotension

A

Men, Elderly

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19
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of lipids in vessel walls causing narrowing or occluding of vessel

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20
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

Pathological mechanisms that interfere with blood flow through the coronary arteries

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21
Q

What does myocardial ischemia cause?

A

lack of oxygen getting distributed into the cells

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22
Q

Causes of myocardial ischemia

A

-atherosclerosis
-thrombus formation
-vasoconstriction

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23
Q

because of myocardial ischemia you either have-

A

-decrease supply of blood flow (oxygen)
-increase demand of blood flow (oxygen)

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24
Q

what part of the heart is the blood most oxygen rich

A

right ventricle

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25
Q

what is angina?

A

chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

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26
Q

Predictable pain on exertion that stops at rest

A

stable angina

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27
Q

unpredictable pain caused by vasospasm usually at rest

A

prinzmetal angina

28
Q

Silent ischemia angina

A

EKG changes (ST depression) but no symptoms

29
Q

chest pain occurs at rest or during minimal activity and is not relieved with rest

A

unstable angina

30
Q

Angina goal of treatment

A

reduce myocardial oxygen consumption

31
Q

what do you do immediately if someone complains of chest pain? (3 things)

A
  • put on o2
  • get a 12 lead EKG
  • assume it is cardiac
32
Q

Medications for angina

A

nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants

33
Q

What does ST depression represent?

A

ischemia

34
Q

what does ST elevation represent?

A

injury or infarction

35
Q

umbrella term for unstable angina and myocardial infarction

A

acute coronary syndrome

36
Q

what lab looks specifically at cardiac muscle injury or damage

A

troponin

37
Q

What lab looks specifically at heart failure

A

BNP

38
Q

what drugs for ACS

A

lipid lowering drugs
- statins
-niacin
-fibrates

39
Q

What does myocardial infarction lead to?

A

dead muscle tissue

40
Q

cardiac output is directly related to-

A

urinary output

41
Q

Nursing care for myocardial infarction

A

-bed rest
-education
-stool softener

42
Q

Medications for myocardial infarction

A

-morphine
-oxygen
-nitrates
-aspirin
-ace inhibitors
-beta blockers

43
Q

What is a PTCA

A

looks for blockages and uses a balloon to push atherosclerosis to the side to open up the vessels

44
Q

what is a stent

A

tiny metal spring-like device that they place into the vessel at the site of a blockage to hold it open.

45
Q

What is a CCCA

A

visualize blockage and diagnose CAD

46
Q

Pre-op for CCCA

A

-NPO for 8-12 hours
-Prepare the patient for expectations

47
Q

Post-op for CCCA

A

-PV assessment
-monitor for dysrhythmias
-assess catheter site
-bed rest for 2-6 hours
-keep affected extremity straight
-HOB less than 30 degrees
-encourage fluids to flush out dye
-safety/fall risk

48
Q

What to check for post-op CCCA

A

bleeding or hematoma or blood pulling or pop

49
Q

what is a CABG

A

surgery where a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted to the occluded coronary artery

50
Q

best place to get a vessel for CABG

A

internal mammory

51
Q

how much urinary output is expected every hour

A

30 mls

52
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

leaflets of the mitral valve billow upward into the atrium

53
Q

S/S of mitral valve prolapse

A

often asymptomatic

54
Q

Cause of mitral valve prolapse

A

?

55
Q

Stenosis

A

valve becomes stiff and doesn’t open completely

56
Q

What does stenosis cause

A

blood not able to flow through, causes extra fluid

57
Q

what is regurgitation

A

leaflets fail to completely shut and blood is able to leak into chamber

58
Q

Medications for valve disorders

A

-diuretics
-beta blockers
-cardiac glycosides
-prophylactic antibiotics

59
Q

valve replacement or repair

A

-replace with prosthesis
-mechanical valves
-tissue valves

60
Q

what does someone with a mechanical valve have to take for the rest of their lives?

A

Anticoagulants

61
Q

what is heart failure?

A

The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body for oxygen and nutrition

62
Q

Causes of heart failure

A

-CAD
-HTN
-Valve disorder
-Infection

63
Q

Left heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema

64
Q

Right heart failure

A

systemic symptoms, JVD, dependent edema

65
Q

Most important nursing managements with CHF

A

-I&O
-daily weight

66
Q
A

CSON IM3 (7 decks)

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