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RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging (DI) > DI Midterm Exam Material > Flashcards

DI Midterm Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Pneumomediastinum may result in dyspnea

A

False

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1
Q

If you see an enlargement in this region, what should your top two differentials be?

A

Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy and Left atrial enlargement

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2
Q

T/F: Ring Shadows (donuts) are often associated with a bronchial pattern

A

True

Bronchial pattern: donuts and tram lines

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3
Q

T/F: Hepatic veins have a hyperechoic wall on ultrasound

A

False

Hepatic veins have an isoechoic wall

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3
Q

This is a sagittal image of the left kidney. Which side is cranial?

A

That one.

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3
Q

What view would be best for evaluating lesions in the right lung lobes?

A

Left Lateral

  • In small animals, lung lesions generally are detected best in the non-dependent lung because the “up” lung is better aerated and therefore provides better contrast of lesions*
  • Keep in mind, other lesions (not in the lung) generally are best seen on the “down” side because they are not distorted by magnification*
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3
Q

What echocardiographic modality would you use to measure wall thickness during systole and diastole?

A

M Mode

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4
Q

Name the MR sequence that nulls signal from free fluid (i.e. CSF):

A

FLAIR

_FL_uid _A_ttenuated _I_nversion _R_ecovery

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4
Q

Is sternal lymphadenopathy present in this patient?

A

Yes.

Note the enlargement of the sternal lymph node

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4
Q

T/F: Ascites is commonly associated with mitral valve insufficiency

A

False

That is false

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5
Q

Is the circled lesion more likely in the lung or the mediastinum?

A

Lung

Note the acute angle to the body wall. If the lesion was in the lung you would not have such an acute angle

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5
Q

With which radiographic view is mediastinal shift best visualized?

A

VD/DV

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5
Q

Doppler measurements should be taken with the patient in ______ lateral recumbency

A

LEFT

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5
Q

If you see a “bow-legged cowboy sign” on a DV view, what is your DDx?

A

left atrial enlargement

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6
Q

Identify the lymphatic structure indicated by the number 3:

A

Tracheobronchial

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6
Q

T/F: Diaphragmatic hernias cause caudal displacement of the gastric axis

A

False

Diaphragmatic hernias cause cranial displacement of the gastric axis

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7
Q

Long-axis left ventricular outflow view.

Identify the structure indicated by the number 2

A

right atrium

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8
Q

T/F: An overexposed radiograph is too light

A

False

An overexposed radiograph is too dark. Either kVp or mAs is too high.

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8
Q

T/F: If you suspect a lesion in the right lung of a dog, a left lateral thoracic radiograph should be made

A

True

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8
Q

What diagnostic imaging modalities might you use if you suspect a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Radiographs, Ultrasound, Barium Study

RUB the hernia…

…creep

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9
Q

T/F: Atelectasis is associated with normal to increased size of the lung lobe

A

False

  • Atelectasis is associated with decreased size of the lung lobe*
  • Consolidation is associated with normal to increased size of the lung lobe*
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11
Q

This presentation is most often associated with _______ insufficiency

A

mitral insufficiency

Turbulent flow (regurgitation); often bright and a mixture of colors

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11
Q

T/F: Mammary adenocarcinomas are typically associated with mediastinal lymphadenopathy

A

False

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12
Q

T/F: Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy is an example of a cranioventral disease

A

False

Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy is an example of a dorsal disease

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12
Q

T/F: Pneumothorax may progress to pneumomediastinum

A

No!

Pneumomediastinum may progress to pneumothorax, but not the other way around

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13
Q

When using grids for radiographs, how should you adjust the mAs?

A

Increase mAs

The grid ‘intercepts’ scatter from patient before it reaches film. You need 2x-3x more photons when grid is used (higher mAs) due to absorption of primary beam by lead

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13
Q

If you suspect a right lung lesion, what radiographic views would you take for the dog? What about a horse?

A

Dog: R → L

Horse: L → R

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14
Q

Which has better contrast resolution: flat panel or film?

A

Flat panel

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14
Q

Identify the cardiac abnormality:

A

Pericardial Effusion

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14
Q

T/F: The cranial vena cava is normally visible radiographically in the mediastinum

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: Decreased mAs would contribute to increased film blackness

A

False

Increased mAs would increase film blackness

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15
Q

T/F: A diagnosis of cardiac failure can not be based on echocardiology alone

A

True

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16
Q

Are mediastinal masses typically more evident in a lateral view or a ventrodorsal view?

A

ventrodorsal (VD) view

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18
Q

T/F: The esophagus is normally visible on survey radiographs

A

FALSE

The esophagus is normally not visible on survey radiographs

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19
Q

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly?

A

Persistent right fourth aortic arch

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20
Q

If the distance between the film and the x-ray source decreases from 40” to 30”, how much does radiation intensity at the film change?

A

By 402/302

Intensity of radiation (x-rays/unit area) decreases with the square of the distance from the source

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21
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the red star:

A

caudal vena cava

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22
Q

This “scalloping” appearance of the lung margins indicates:

A

pleural effusion

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24
Q

Identify the lymphatic structure indicated by the number 2:

A

Cranial Mediastinal

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28
Q

For thoracic radiographs, what should your mAs and kVp settings be?

A

high kVp, low mAs

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30
Q

_________ is the extent to which a film, image plate or flat panel can be over and underexposed and still acheive an acceptable result

A

Exposure latitude

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32
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the red star:

A

right middle lung lobe

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33
Q

Is pneumomediastinum present in this radiograph?

A

Yes

Normally all of the tubular structures arent so readily visible, but in the case of pneumomediastinum gas acts as a contrast agent and allows for visualization of structures that would normally be undetected

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34
Q

Is this radiograph under-exposed or over-exposed?

A

Over-exposed

To correct this radiograph, you could decrease the mAs or decrease the kVp

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35
Q

The number of x-rays produced in a radiograph is quantified as:

A

mAs

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36
Q

T/F: Doubling the mAs doubles the amount of x-rays produced

A

True

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37
Q

Of the many structures present in the mediastinum of the normal thorax, only a few structures are seen radiographically.

Name ‘em, biatch!

A
  • Heart
  • Aorta
  • Trachea
  • Thymus (young animals)
  • Caudal vena cava
  • Occasionally Esophagus (left lateral)

“_H_ere _A_re _T_he _T_hings _C_ommonly _O_bserved” in the mediastinum

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38
Q

T/F: Border effacement is often associated with a bronchial pattern

A

False

Border effacement is associated with alveolar patterns

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40
Q

T/F: The diaphragm attaches to the ventral aspect of L3-L4

A

True

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41
Q

Pectus excavatum: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

Pectus excavatum is dorsal displacement of the sternum. It often results in narrowing of the thorax and is often associated with respiratory and CV anomalies

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42
Q

A change of kVp by _______ is equivalent to halving or doubling mAs

A

16-20%

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43
Q

Identify the lymphatic structure indicated by the number 1:

A

Sternal

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44
Q

If you see an interstitial pattern, is that considered airway or non-airway disease?

A

Non-airway

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45
Q

T/F: Grids are often used in radiography when the patient is less than 10 cm thick

A

False

Grids are often used in radiography when the patient is more than 10 cm thick. (Thicker patients create more scatter)

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46
Q

Which one of these radiographs is normal?

What do you observe in the abnormal one?

A

B is normal

In A, you can observe air bronchogram (this is indicative of an alveolar pattern) - there is air in the bronchus and the alveoli are filled with fluid. You can also observe border effacement, sillhouetting of the cranial margin of the heart.

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48
Q

Long-axis left ventricular outflow view.

Identify the structure indicated by the number 1

A

right ventricle

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48
Q

For interlobar fissures to be visualized radiographically when pleural effusion is present, how must the x-ray beam strike the fissures?

A

Tangentially

50
Q

Is a bronchial lung pattern detected in this image?

51
Q

T/F: Tracheal Stripe Sign is indicative of a pathological process

A

Not always

General anesthesia may result in signs that mimic megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia

52
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the red star:

A

cranial mediastinum

52
Q

Note the V-sign on this radiograph. What is this indicative of?

A

Megaesophagus

On the VD view, when the enlarged esophagus is gas-filled, the left and right walls of the esophagus are sometimes visible as two soft tissue stripes that converge at the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

53
Q

T/F: Pneumomediastinum does not result in dyspnea

55
Q

For abdominal radiographs, what should your mAs and kVp settings be?

A

low kVp, high mAs

55
Q

Radiographically, what do you expect to see with a bronchial pattern?

A

ring shadows (donuts) and tram lines

You should also see increased conspicuity of the bronchial tree

55
Q

atelectasis or consolidation?

A

Atelectasis

Note the shift of the heart toward the rib (mediastinal shift), as well as less volume of the lung on the left hand side

57
Q

What three structures are visualized in this image?

A

aorta, pulmonary artery, and left atria

When you see the Mercedes Benz sign, that indicates the aorta, pulmonary artery, and left atria

58
Q

Identify the cardiac abnormality in this ultrasound view:

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

59
Q

Are x-rays positively or negatively charged?

A

Negatively charged

60
Q

Right parasternal short axis view. What valve is indicated by the arrow?

A

Aortic valve

60
Q

Creation of an opacity in a radiograph by overlapping of structures in the patient is termed:

A

summation effect

60
Q

Is air bronchogram present in this image?

61
Q

Name the MR sequence that nulls signal from fat:

A

STIR

_S_hort _T_au _I_nversion _R_ecovery

62
Q

T/F: On the dorsal ventral view of the thorax of a dog, the pulmonary arteries are positioned lateral relative to the pulmonary veins

A

False

Pulmonary veins are ventral and central

63
Q

Identify the artifact:

A

mirror image artifact

64
Q

There is moderate pleural effusion in this patient.

Is this a DV view or a VD view?

A

VD

  • The fluid is falling away from the heart, so the heart is visible*
  • In a DV view, the view of the heart would be blocked by fluid*
65
Q

There are two types of hiatal hernias. Which of the two is most common?

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

The other type is paraesophageal hiatal hernia

67
Q

What are ‘the 5 opacities’ in radiology?

A

Air, Fat, Water, Bone, Metal

_A_lways _F_ind _W_ater _B_efore _M_eandering

68
Q

___________ is the range of light intensities a medium can capture

A

Contrast Optimization

69
Q

Is pneumomediastinum detected in this image?

69
Q

Identify the cardiac abnormality:

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Note the thickening of the left ventricular walls

70
Q

T/F: The caudal vena cava is normally visible radiographically in the mediastinum

72
Q

Alveolar pattern right middle lung lobe: detected or not detected?

72
Q

Hemothorax: detected or not detected?

73
Q

What is the most common secondary thoracic lesion resulting from megaesophagus?

A

Aspiration Pneumonia

74
Q

T/F: Fluid often accumulates in the esophagus in the right lateral view

A

False

Fluid often accumulates in the esophagus in the left lateral view

76
Q

If you see air bronchogram on a radiograph, you should know it is a(n) _________ pattern

A

alveolar pattern

77
Q

T/F: X-rays are devoid of mass

79
Q

Name four characteristics of alveolar patterns on radiographs:

A
  1. Air bronchograms
  2. Border effacement
  3. Lobar distribution
  4. Labile
81
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the red star:

83
Q

T/F: An underexposed radiograph is too light

A

True

Either kVp or mAs is too low

84
Q

In which radiographic view are hiatal hernias best visualized?

A

Left Lateral

85
Q

Note the kink in the trachea on this VD view. This presentation is fairly characteristic for:

A

Persistent right fourth aortic arch

87
Q

T/F: Tracheoesophageal stripe sign indicates tracheal pathology

A

False

Tracheoesophageal stripe sign indicates gas in the esophagus

88
Q

What lung pattern is observed in this radiograph?

A

Alveolar

  • Note the soft tissue opacity. Alveolar pattern is the only one that has this.*
  • (Top DDx in this case would be pneumonia)*
89
Q

T/F: MRI is the modality of choice to visualize bone

A

Hell no.

MRI doesn’t show bone, mutha f***a

90
Q

T/F: Increased soft tissue opacity is observed with both atelectasis and consolidation

91
Q

In which view is gas or fluid accumulation in the esophagus most visible?

A

left lateral

93
Q

From what species was this radiograph taken?

A

Cat

Note the oblique lines in the caudal third of the esophagus due to a change to smooth muscle fibers - “herring bone pattern”

93
Q

What is the most common cause of diaphragmatic hernias?

95
Q

What thoracic lymph node would most likely be increased due to infection of the peritoneal space - peritonitis?

96
Q

What layer of the duodenum is the thickest/most hyperechoic?

A

Mucosal layer

97
Q

What artifact is shown here?

A

Slice Thickness Artifact

99
Q

T/F: Enlargement of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes may cause elevation of the tracheal bifurcation, depression of the tracheal bifurcation, or no change in tracheal bifurcation position

100
Q

To decrease error % when measuring flow velocity, it is important to keep the doppler at a ___o angle

101
Q

What alveolar pattern characteristic is indicated by the arrows in this radiograph?

A

Air bronchogram

102
Q

Long-axis left ventricular outflow view.

Identify the structure indicated by the number 3

A

left ventricle

103
Q

Regarding ultrasound, is image resolution better with higher frequency or lower frequency?

A

higher frequency

Image resolution is better with higher frequency and smaller wavelength

104
Q

Which view is more useful for determining whether a lesion is in the lung or the mediastinum: DV/VD or lateral?

105
Q

T/F: Pyothorax is a common cause of unilateral distributions of pleural fluid

106
Q

T/F: Sternal lymphadenopathy is an example of a cranioventral disease

107
Q

T/F: A diagnosis of cardiac failure can be based on echocardiology alone

109
Q

Is pneumothorax detected in this image?

110
Q

Is this image a film radiograph, digital radiograph, CT, or MRI?

111
Q

T/F: The mediastinum is a closed space

112
Q

What echocardiographic modality would you use to determine normal and abnormal blood flow in the heart?

113
Q

T/F: Portal veins have a hyperechoic wall on ultrasound

114
Q

Is tracheoesophageal stripe sign present in this radiograph?

A

Yes.

This indicates gas in the esophagus. This does NOT indicate tracheal pathology

115
Q

Identify the artifact. Where is this most likely to be observed?

A

Slice Thickness Artifact

Seen at curved surfaces, such as the urinary or gall bladder

116
Q

Bow-legged cowboy sign: detected or not detected?

117
Q

This characteristic ‘wagon wheel’ appearance is characteristic for what portion of the intestine?

119
Q

Which view is this?

A

Left lateral

120
Q

Roentgen Signs are six standard terms used to describe changes in a structure in a radiograph.

What are the Roentgen Signs?

A
  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Number
  4. Location
  5. Margination
  6. Opacity
122
Q

What’s going on in the lungs?!

A

pulmonary osseous metaplasia

(mineralization)

123
Q

Which is more hyperechoic: spleen or liver?

A

Spleen

  • Order of increasing echogenicity:*
  • (hypoechoic) Medulla - Cortex - Liver - Spleen - Prostate (hyperechoic)*
  • “My cat loves sunny places”*
125
Q

Is aortic insufficiency detected in this image?

A

Yes

  • Blue = away; red = toward*
  • This image should show all blue as blood should be from from the LV into the aorta*
126
Q

T/F: Regarding pleural effusion: the space between lungs, and the lung and thoracic wall is radiolucent

127
Q

Red arrow: nodule or blood vessel?

A

Nodule

The ones with the blue shit around them are blood vessels. The green nonsense is a bronchus

128
Q

There is moderate pleural effusion in this patient.

Is this a DV view or a VD view?

A

DV

The fluid is blocking the view of the heart because it is between the lung and the pleural wall. The heart would be visible in a VD view

129
Q

Holy shit, is that a lung nodule?!

A

No, calm down.

It’s a tick.

130
Q

What pulmonary structure is indicated by “3”?

A

right pulmonary artery

131
Q

The renal cortex is ______ when compared with the renal medulla

(hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic)

A

The renal cortex is hyperechoic when compared with the renal medulla

132
Q

The relative increase in echogenicity in the far field adjacent to an anechoic round structure is called:

A

acoustic enhancement

133
Q

The spleen is ______ to the liver in the normal dog

(hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic)

A

The spleen is hyperechoic to the liver in the normal dog

134
Q

The image shows ultrasound image of two intestinal loops. What artifact is indicated by the red star?

A

Dirty Acoustic Shadowing

135
Q

What two layers of the intestines are hypoechoic?

A

Mucosa and Muscularis

136
Q

Pictured below is a sagittal sonogram of the liver. Identify the normal anatomic structure indicated by the red arrow:

A

Portal vein

137
Q

The ultrasound probe is positioned on the ventral aspect of the abdomen with the patient in dorsal recumbency. What artifact is present here?

A

Mirror Image Artifact

138
Q

Aortic insufficiency?

139
Q

What is the primary purpose of this piece of equipment in animal radiography?

A

Protect against scattered x-rays

And to make a fashion statement

140
Q

If you set the kVp at 100, the mA at 50, and the time at 0.20 seconds, what is the mAs?

141
Q

Lateral thoracic radiograph of an adult dog. What is the identity of the linear opacity indicated by the arrow?

A

pulmonary artery

142
Q

Is pneumothorax detected in this image?

A

NO!

Pneumomediastinum is though

RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging (DI) (4 decks)

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