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RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging (DI) > DI Final Exam Material > Flashcards

DI Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the modality of choice for assessing the adrenal glands?

A

Abdominal Ultrasound

  • Hypoechoic to surrounding fat; thin hyperechoic capsule; right adrenal is often more difficult to image in a dog due to overlying bowel gas*
  • Normal adrenal glands have a diameter of <7 mm, require high resolution probes and ideal conditions*
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2
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

A

Small Intestine

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3
Q

Jejunal intussuception: detected or not detected?

(the probe is positioned over the mid-central abdomen on the ventral abdominal body wall)

A

Detected

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4
Q

Splenic torsion: detected or not detected

A

Detected

  • Splenic torsion is most common in large and giant-breed deep-chested dogs. The spleen twists on its pedicle and occludes venous return. You may notice a C shape on lateral radiograph. The fundus will be displaces caudally and medially (tension on the gastrosplenic ligament)*
  • **Gas bubbles may indicate anaerobic bacteria***
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5
Q

Hydronephrosis: detected or not detected?

(the probe is positioned over the left ventral abdominal body wall just caudal to the last rib)

A

Detected

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6
Q

Which is more sensitive for determining hepatomegaly: radiographs or ultrasound?

A

radiographs

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7
Q

T/F: On radiographs, the normal canine prostate gland may be minimally visible, but the prostate gland is essentially never seen in the cat

A

True

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8
Q

Identify the anatomic structure indicated by the red arrow:

A

portal vein

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9
Q

Pneumothorax: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

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10
Q

What is the earliest age of gestation at which mineralized fetal skeletons may be evident in abdominal radiographs of a pregnant female cat?

A

~35 days

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11
Q

T/F: The normal uterus is difficult to impossible to detect on normal survey radiographs

A

True

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12
Q

Ureteral ectopia: detected or not detected?

A

Not detected

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13
Q

What is the most common type of prostatic neoplasia?

A

adenocarcinoma

**usually responds quite well to radiation therapy**

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14
Q

What is the modality of choice to evaluate the uterus?

A

Ultrasound

Ultrasonography can detect disease and pregnancy before radiographic or palpable changes are found

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15
Q

What are we observing in this hepatic ultrasound?

A

Portosystemic shunt

Now with added Doppler - fancy!

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16
Q

Acoustic shadowing: detected or not detected?

A

Not detected

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17
Q

Enlarged esophagus: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

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18
Q

Hepatomegaly may shift the gastric axis in what direction?

A

caudally

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19
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

(The probe is parallel to the axis of the spine and is located on the ventral body wall at the xiphoid)

A

portal vein

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20
Q

T/F: Most of the caudal margin of the liver is usually not detected as it silhouettes with the stomach’s wall and other adjacent organs

A

True

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21
Q

What is considered the most reliable radiographic indicator of splenomegaly?

A

rounded or blunt margins

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22
Q

Paraprostatic cyst: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

…the picture is labeled

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23
Q

Compartmentalization: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

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24
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

(The probe is parallel to the axis of the spine and is located on the ventral body wall at the xiphoid)

A

liver

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25
Q

Double Bubble Sign: detected or not detected?

A

Not detected

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26
Q

__________ is the most common cause of prostatomegaly

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

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27
Q

Acoustic enhancement: detected or not detected?

A

Not detected

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28
Q

T/F: Radiography is a very good way to assess changes in the external anatomy of the kidneys

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: If the adrenal glands are mineralized in the dog, it tends to be incidental

A

False

  • If the adrenal glands are mineralized in the cat, it tends to be incidental*
  • If the adrenal glands are mineralized in the dog, neoplasia is more likely*
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30
Q

What is the modality of choice to diagnose splenic torsion?

A

Ultrasound

Spleen has enlarged lacy pattern; no blood flow (doppler); thrombosis of veins (grey rather than black)

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31
Q

T/F: In cats, the spleen is considered enlarged if it is seen dorsally on lateral radiographs

A

False

In cats, the spleen is considered enlarged if it is seen ventrally on lateral radiographs

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32
Q

What is the earliest age of gestation at which mineralized fetal skeletons may be evident in abdominal radiographs of a pregnant female dog?

A

~42 days

creepy

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33
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

(The probe is transverse to the acis of the spine and is located on the ventral body wall of the caudal abdomen at the level of L5)

A

aorta

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34
Q

T/F: The liver extends far beyond the costal arch in normal dogs

A

False

The liver extends far beyond the costal arch in dogs with hepatomegaly

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35
Q

What structure is most likely indicated by #1

A

Paraprostatic cyst

  • Paraprostatic cysts are usually pedunculated, well marginated and often appear cranial to the urinary bladder*
  • # 2 is most likely the urinary bladder. #3 is most likely the prostate*
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36
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

A

Mesenteric Vein

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37
Q

What is the modality of choice to assess normal and disease states in the testes and ovaries?

A

Ultrasound

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38
Q

What is the modality of choice for evaluation of the prostate?

A

Ultrasound

Radiography and urethrography have limited utility other than to diagnose enlargement

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39
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

A

fundus

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40
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

A

cecum

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41
Q

What anatomical structure is indicated by the red arrow?

A

renal sinus

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42
Q

Jejunal foreign body: detected or not detected?

(the probe is positioned over the mid-central abdomen on the ventral abdominal body wall)

A

Detected

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43
Q

T/F: The adrenal glands are in the peritoneal space

A

False

The adrenal glands are in the _retro_peritoneal space, near the craniomedial borders of the kidneys. They are NOT usually seen radiographically

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44
Q

T/F: Spondylitis of L5-L7 vertebral bodies or the bony pelvis is considered “classic” for metastasis of urogenital cancer

A

True

Spondyl_osis_ also is seen in this area and should not be mistaken for an aggressive periosteal reaction

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45
Q

In dogs, the __________ is the most likely source of a mass in the midventral abdomen

A

spleen

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46
Q

What is the earliest age of gestation at which the fetal heart beat may be evident in abdominal ultrasonography of a pregnant female dog?

A

23-25 days

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47
Q

T/F: Individual liver lobes can be seen radiographically

A

Not usually

  • Except the lobe that points caudoventrally on the lateral projection (left lateral lobe in the dog & right lateral lobe in the cat)*
  • Individual liver lobes can be seen ultrasonographically*
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48
Q

Microhepatia may shift the gastric axis in what direction?

A

cranially

  • Microhepatia is reduction in liver size. Differential diagnoses for microhepatia include liver shunting, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and diaphragmatic hernia.*
  • According to Dr. Thrall’s book, the two most common causes for microhepatia are congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic cirrhosis*
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49
Q

Why is a VD view considered superior to a DV view when assessing the kidneys?

A

In a VD view the kidneys are separated more and magnified less

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50
Q

Which kidney is not consistently seen on radiographs?

A

Right

The right kidney is not consistently seen because it lies in renal fossa of caudate lobe (silhouette sign)

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51
Q

T/F: Excretory urography is a contrast procedure to evaluate the kidneys and ureters

A

True

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52
Q

T/F: A dehydrated patient should be rehydrated prior to performing excretory urography

A

True

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53
Q

Given the value of ultrasound to assess the kidneys, the best indication to perform an excretory urogram (EU) is:

A

ureteral disease

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54
Q

Using ultrasonography, what is the best plane for detecting hydronephrosis?

A

Transverse plane

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55
Q

What is your primary differential diagnosis?

A

Peritoneal effusion

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56
Q

What is the most common cause of lower urinary tract disease in dogs?

A

Urinary tract infection

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57
Q

T/F: Bladder wall thickness and mucosal surface is easily assessed on survey radiographs

A

False

Bladder wall thickness and mucosal surface _CAN NOT_ be assessed on survey radiographs

58
Q

What anatomic structure is indicated by the red arrow in this feline radiograph?

A

Urethra

The urethra is often seen in cats as a linear opacity between the bladder neck and pubis.

The urethra is typically not visible in dogs

59
Q

Urinary calculi composed of __________ or __________ will appear radiopaque

A

Urinary calculi composed of phosphate or oxalate will appear radiopaque

60
Q

Urinary calculi composed of __________ or __________ will appear non-radiopaque

A

Urinary calculi composed of cystine or urate will appear non-radiopaque

61
Q

Are uroliths detected in this radiograph?

62
Q

The gas that is observed in the bladder wall in this radiograph is usually due to:

A

glucose fermentation (diabetic)

63
Q

Bladder rupture: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

Note the contrast medium leaking out of the urinary bladder

64
Q

Cystitis: detected or not detected?

What contrast study was performed here?

A

Detected

negative cystogram

65
Q

Using the three images below, is the lesion attached to the wall?

A

Yes

  • You should be able to determine this based on the lateral view alone. If the lesion was not attached, it would be more centrally located.*
  • In the DV view the lesion is causing a filling defect, meaning it must be at the bottom (ventral), which correlates with the location on the lateral view. The lesion did not change position despite rotating the animal*
  • In the VD view, the animal is in dorsal recumbency. In this view, we see the lesion as a very faint soft tissue opacity, which indicates that the lesion is still on the ventral aspect*
66
Q

What is the main indication for a urethrogram?

A

to detect urethral obstructions or urethral rupture

67
Q

Prostatomegaly: detected or not detected

A

Not detected

68
Q

Cystitis: detected or not detected?

A

Not detected

69
Q

Cystitis: detected or not detected?

70
Q

What is the most common urinary bladder tumor in the biatch and male cat?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

Look for focal wall thickening; often in the trigonum area, but can be anywhere

71
Q

On a left lateral view, are you going to see gas or fluid in the pylorus?

72
Q

Concerning the appearance of accumulated fluid and gas on the right lateral radiographs of the canine abdomen, what would you expect to see accumulated in the pylorus? What about the fundus?

A

Fluid accumulates in the pylorus; gas accumulates in the fundus

73
Q

In a left lateral radiograph, would you expect fluid to go to the fundus or the pylorus?

74
Q

T/F: Regarding GDV, the source of air in the stomach is most likely from bacterial production

A

False

Regarding GDV, the source of air in the stomach is from aerophagia and NOT likely from bacterial production

75
Q

What happens to the pylorus in the case of GDV?

A

shifts dorsally, cranially, and to the left

Recognition of the location of the pylorus is the key to radiographic diagnosis of GDV

76
Q

What radiographic view is most helpful for diagnosing GDV?

A

Right lateral

Depending on the fluid/gas content, other views may be necessary to confirm diagnosis

77
Q

Double Bubble Sign: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

This is indicative of GDV

78
Q

What contrast study was performed in this radiograph?

A

Positive contrast

79
Q

What is the most common gastric neoplasia in dogs? What about cats?

A

Dogs: gastric carcinoma

Cats: lymphoma

80
Q

Filling defect: detected or not detected?

81
Q

In what radiographic views will gas accumulate in the fundus?

A

Right lateral and DV

82
Q

T/F: Barium can be safely given IV

A

False

You would kill the animal and that would be sad. Don’t do that.

83
Q

T/F: Small intestinal motility cannot be assessed radiographically

84
Q

Identify the cecum in this canine radiograph:

85
Q

What is the preferred contrast medium for evaluating GI motility?

A

Barium per os

86
Q

T/F: Pseudoulcers are found on the mesenteric surfaces of the canine duodenum

A

False

Pseudoulcers are found on the _antimesenteric_ surfaces of the canine duodenum

87
Q

If your patient has an enlarged bowel and radiographs show that the bowel is primarily gas-filled, is this more likely mechanical ileus or paralytic ileus?

A

Paralytic ileus

With mechanical ileus, there is usually fluid and gas in the lumen. The bowel would also be much more greatly enlarged

88
Q

What is likely the underlying cause of endotoxemia in this patient?

A

GDV

Check out that double bubble!

89
Q

Mechanical ileus: detected or not detected?

A

Detected

Note the presence of some small bowel segments that are normal in diameter and others that are significantly (2-3x) larger

90
Q

Stacking of bowel loops is highly suggestive of __________ ileus

A

mechanical

91
Q

That’s the colon, right?

A

Fuck no.

That’s going in the wrong direction to be the colon. This is the small intestine and it is messed the fuck up, man. There are foreign contents all up in there, the diameter is way the hell too big… This is a mechanical obstruction for sure. Cut this dog open and kick that colon-imposter’s ass.

92
Q

Gravel sign is indicative of:

A

chronic partial obstruction

93
Q

Intussusception: detected or not detected?

94
Q

This image is considered pathognomonic for:

A

intussusception

95
Q

Which of these is most representative of a pseudoulcer?

96
Q

What is the preferred contrast medium used in myelography?

A

Non-ionic iodinated contrast medium

97
Q

What anatomic structure is indicated by the blue star?

A

ascending colon

98
Q

What anatomic structure is indicated by the red star?

A

transverse colon

99
Q

What anatomic structure is indicated by the green star?

A

descending colon

100
Q

T/F: When evaluating radiographic images of the canine abdomen, the medial iliac lymph nodes are usually not detected unless they have undergone a pathologic change

101
Q

You obtain an ultrasound image of a renal calculus. The region deep to the calculus is nearly anechoic (black). What is the phrase used to describe this black artifact?

A

acoustic shadowing

102
Q

Portosystemic shunt (PSS): detected or not detected?

A

detected

Single, extrahepatic portocaval shunt

103
Q

Ideally, thoracic radiographs of dogs should be made at the time of full expiration

A

False

Ideally, thoracic radiographs of dogs should be made at the time of full inspiration

104
Q

What principle explains why the caudal surface of the diaphragm and cranial margins of the liver can not be distinguished from each other in an abdominal radiograph?

A

silhouette sign

105
Q

This is a sagittal image of the left kidney. Which side is cranial?

106
Q

If you see a “bow-legged cowboy sign” on a DV view, what is your DDx?

A

left atrial enlargement

107
Q

This presentation is most often associated with _______ insufficiency

A

mitral insufficiency

Turbulent flow (regurgitation); often bright and a mixture of colors

108
Q

If the distance between the film and the x-ray source decreases from 40” to 30”, how much does radiation intensity at the film change?

A

By 402/302

Intensity of radiation (x-rays/unit area) decreases with the square of the distance from the source

109
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the red star:

A

caudal vena cava

110
Q

The number of electrons accelerated across an x-ray tube is determined by:

A

filament current

111
Q

Employees that are occupationally exposed to radiation can receive:

A

50 mSV/yr

Be smart and keep this to a minimum. If you get pregnant you can still receive some dose (<5 mSv during gestation) and you must notify your employer in writing of pregnancy

112
Q

The spleen is ______ to the liver in the normal dog

(hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic)

A

The spleen is hyperechoic to the liver in the normal dog

113
Q

__________ is the growth center for the epiphysis

A

articular cartilage

114
Q

What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

115
Q

FCP or UAP?

A

FCP

  • Fractured coronoid process*
  • Note the new bone formation on proximal aspect of anconeal process. THIS IS NOT UNUNITED ANCONEAL PROCESS*
116
Q

11-month-old German Shepherd presented with lameness and pain. Based on the image & what you know about bone diseases, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Panosteitis

Note the increased opacity of the medullary cavity

117
Q

For abdominal radiographs, what should your mAs and kVp settings be?

A

low kVp, high mAs

118
Q

Radiographically, what do you expect to see with a bronchial pattern?

A

ring shadows (donuts) and tram lines

You should also see increased conspicuity of the bronchial tree

119
Q

atelectasis or consolidation?

A

Atelectasis

Note the shift of the heart toward the rib (mediastinal shift), as well as less volume of the lung on the left hand side

120
Q

What artifact is shown here?

A

Slice Thickness Artifact

121
Q

This characteristic ‘wagon wheel’ appearance is characteristic for what portion of the intestine?

122
Q

Identify the artifact:

A

mirror image artifact

123
Q

If the distance from a radiation source is halved, the radiation intensity will be quadrupled. What is the name of the principle that explains this phenomena?

A

Inverse Square Law

124
Q

A radiograph made using 20 mAs and 80 kVp is too dark or overexposed. What are reasonable settings of the x-ray machine for a second attempt?

  • 20 mAs, 160 kVp
  • 20 mAs, 40 kVp
  • 10 mAs, 80 kVp
  • 40 mAs, 80 kVp
  • 40 mAs, 60 kVp
A

10 mAs, 80 kVp

125
Q

Protective lead aprons and gloves:

  • Should be worn whenever holding a patient or cassette during radiography
  • Should only be worn when the part of the body is in the primary beam
  • Should be worn when mAs values are greater than 10
  • Are specially designed for protection from the primary beam
  • Have essentially an infinite useful life
A

Should be worn whenever holding a patient or cassette during radiography

126
Q

Detail is the degree of sharpness of an object on a radiograph. Which of the following does NOT affect detail?

  • Time of exposure
  • Focal spot size
  • Object film distance
  • Film screen distance
  • Focal spot object distance
A

Time of exposure

127
Q

T/F: Ultrasound is reflected when there is an acoustic impedance difference between two adjacent structures

128
Q

T/F: Regarding the small intestine in the normal dog or cat, only the serosal layer is hyperechoic; the other layers are hypoechoic.

129
Q

T/F: Regarding the small intestine in the normal dog or cat, you cannot detect the muscularis layer unless pathologic changes are present

130
Q

What vascular structure within the normal liver has circular or linear anechoic core representing the vessel lumen and a hyperechoic margin representing the vessel wall and surrounding connective tissue?

A

portal vein

131
Q

You want to perform an upper gastrointestinal contrast series on a dog with suspected perforation of the jejunum. What is the contrast agent of choice for this procedure?

A

a water soluble organic iodine agent because it will not result in additional irritation to the peritoneum

132
Q

What is an important CONTRAINDICATION to intravenous excretory urography?

  • renal calculi
  • pyelonephritis
  • hyposthenuria
  • absence of one kidney
  • severe dehydration
A

severe dehydration

133
Q

Radiographic signs of acute gastric torsion include all of the following EXCEPT:

  • gas and fluid accumulation of the stomach
  • displacement of the pylorus dorsally and to the left
  • compartmentalization of the stomach
  • displacement of the spleen
  • accumulation of the fluid in the pylorus on the right lateral view
A

accumulation of the fluid in the pylorus on the right lateral view

With GDV, the pylorus shifts dorsally, cranially and to the left, and the fundus shifts to the right. So on a right lateral view the fluid would accmulate in the fundus rather than the pylorus

134
Q

Concerning the use of grids in veterinary radiology, grids are placed between __________ and __________

A

patient & cassette

Concerning the use of grids in veterinary radiology, grids are placed between the patient and the cassette

135
Q

Sublumbar lymphadenopathy: detected or not detected?

A

not detected

136
Q

T/F: Ultrasound has ~95% sensitivity for diagnosing acute pancreatitis

A

False

US sensitivity about 68%

137
Q

This radiograph is from a 12-year-old German Shepherd with acute abdomen. What is your diagnosis?

A

Gastric rupture

138
Q

In which two radiographic views will there be gas in the pylorus?

A

left lateral & VD

139
Q

Which is the most frequent site of osteochondrosis in the stifle?

A

lateral trochlear ridge of the femur

140
Q

The image shows ultrasound image of two intestinal loops. What artifact is indicated by the red star?

A

Dirty Acoustic Shadowing

RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging (DI) (4 decks)

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