Devo Lecture 1 - terms

Question 2

Developmental biology

Answer 2

All encompassing term that includes all of life

Question 3

Embryology

Answer 3

Study of the beginning processes of development

Question 4

Growth

Answer 4

Increase in cell number (sometimes size)

Question 5

Differentiation

Answer 5

Cell becomes specialized (ie from stem cell to muscle cell or neural cell etc)

Question 6

Morphogenesis

Answer 6

Formations of organs and structures

Question 7

Totipotent, Pluripotent, Unipotent

Answer 7

Toti- : give rise to any cell type (embryonic stem cells); pluri- : several types (blood stem cells); uni- : only one type (lower skin layer)

Question 8

Determination

Answer 8

Cell’s commitment to a pathway (but not differentiated yet)

Question 9

Induction

Answer 9

One group of cells influences another in embryogenesis (ie between layers by means of signaling)

Question 10

Viviparity and oviparity

Answer 10

Aristotle: live birth and egg birth

Question 11

Scientists in early developmental bio

Answer 11

Aristotle, Da Vinci (observations), Spallazani (showed from eggs don’t develop without sperm), Wolff (primary germ layers), Malpighi, (first histologist)

Question 12

Epigenesis

Answer 12

All organs made anew in new organism

Question 13

Preformation

Answer 13

View that all organs are present from beginning but really small in gamete; spermists and ovists (beliefs where the humunculus is found)

Question 14

Ectoderm

Answer 14

Becomes epidermis and nerves

Question 15

Mesoderm

Answer 15

Becomes muscles, bones, gonads, kidneys, blood vessels and heart, connective tissues

Question 16

Endoderm

Answer 16

Becomes digestive organs and lungs

Question 17

Notochord

Answer 17

Most dorsal part of the mesoderm, divides left and right, leads to development of nervous system in ectoderm

Question 18

Ernst Hackel

Answer 18

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny; animals go through a development that mimics evolution (ie humans go through fish and amphibian stages). Wrong!

Question 19

von Baer’s laws

Answer 19

1. General features appear first (bulge in head, eye, tail); 2. General becomes less general to specialized (ie shape of head); 3. embryo does not go through stage similar to adult from another species; 4. all early embryos are similar

Question 20

Teratology

Answer 20

Study of malformations in development

Question 21

Falitamide

Answer 21

Drug to decrease nausea in pregnancy, which affects angiogenesis resulting in focalmelia (short arms in babies)

Question 22

Fate map

Answer 22

Which cells give rise to which, we can follow the divisions

Question 23

Stages of development

Answer 23

Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, larval stages (amphibians), maturity, death

Question 24

Primary embyronic induction*

Answer 24

Spemann: ball of cells becomes and symmetrical bilateral organism

Question 25

Resurgence of developmental bio due to

Answer 25

Molecular techniques, cloning, stem cells, transgenics, genetics, etc.

Question 26

Phylotypic stage

Answer 26

Stage at which embryos from different species look most similar and have many similar genes expressed (“ancient” genes)

Question 27

Phylostratigraphy

Answer 27

Comparative evolutionary biology - comparing relative ages of genes