Developments in behavioural science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three waves of behaviour therapy?

A
  1. Behaviour therapy (classic behaviour therapy and applied behaviour analysis)
  2. Cognitive therapy (CBT)
  3. Contextual therapy (ACT)
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2
Q

What are the two reasons that behavioural therapy was developed?

A
  1. Doubts about the effectiveness of psychoanalysis.
  2. Extension of associative learning principles in clinical setting (classical and operant conditioning)
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3
Q

What were the doubt about psychoanalysis efficacy?

A

Eysenck’s criticisms - challenges long-duration, lack of empirical evidence, unfalsifiability, emphasis on unconscious processes

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4
Q

What does the extension of associative learning principles in clinical settings mean?

A

The same principles can be applied to maladaptive behaviour in a clinical setting - it is now empirical and measurable.

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5
Q

What are the two characteristics of behavioural therapy?

A

Focus on the environment (something we can observe and test) and efficacy assessment (something we know will work and we can test)

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6
Q

What are the two techniques of behavioural therapy?

A

Systematic desensitisation and prolonged exposure with response prevention

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7
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus/situation while train them in relaxation techniques (Wolpe)

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8
Q

What are the steps of systematic desensitisation?

A
  1. Create a hierarchy of fear-inducing situations/stimuli from least to most anxiety-provoking.
  2. Choose how to approach to each stimulus (gradually exposure).
  3. Implement relaxation techniques unitl you feel calm.
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9
Q

What is the idea behind systematic desensitisation in terms of classical conditioning?

A

You cannot be relaxed and anxious at the same time - associated a stimulus associated with fear with the opposite (relaxation).

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10
Q

What is systematic desensitisation used for?

A

Anxiety/fear responses

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11
Q

What is prolonged exposure with response prevention used for?

A

Anxiety, particularly OCD

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12
Q

What is prolonged exposure with response prevention?

A

Exposure: exposed (controlled and gradually) to feared stimulus for extended period without engaging in the usual compulsive behaviours intended to reduce anxiety.
Response prevention: individual confronts their fears while preventing the usual compulsive responses - make it more difficult to do. Better to do quickly rather than gradually

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13
Q

What was one of the main critiques of behaviour therapy?

A

Doesn’t take into account thoughts/emotions/beliefs - ignores language/cognition

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14
Q

Why did cognitive therapy emerge?

A

In response to behavioural therapy criticisms - addresses the role of lanaguage and cognition in behaviour.

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15
Q

Who are the pioneers of cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy) and Albert Ellis (rational emotive behaviour therapy)

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16
Q

What is cognitive therapy about?

A

Focuses on thoughts, beliefs and interpretations.
Identifies and challenges maladaptive thought patterns.
Aims to modify negative or irrational beliefs.

17
Q

What is the ABCDE model of cognitive therapy?

A

A - activating event
B - beliefs
C - consequences
D - disruptive irrational beliefs
E - effect

18
Q

What is cognitive restructuring in cognitive therapy?

A

Involves identifying and challanging maladaptive thought patterns - aims to replace negative/irrational beliefs with more adaptive ones

19
Q

What are the core components of CBT?

A
  1. Cognitive restructuring - identifying and challenging negative/irrational thoughts
  2. Behavioural activation - encouraging adaptive behaviours and reducing avoidance
  3. Exposure therapy - gradual exposure to feared stimuli to reduce anxiety
  4. Problem solving - develop effective coping strategies and problem solving skills
20
Q

What is CBT?

A

A combination of cognitive and behavioural techniques to treat psychological disorders - evidence based apporach with strong emphasis on empiricism

21
Q

What are the pros of CBT?

A

Very effective and supported by evidence across psychological disorders

22
Q

What are the cons of CBT?

A
  1. Unclear origin of effectiveness (cognitive vs behavioural component)
  2. Not always effective for every disorder.
  3. Distortion of hte contextual nature of hte behaviour therapy in favour of intrapsychic approach - internal to person modulating behaviour.
  4. Adaption of medical model may lead to overreliance on medication - effectivess of therapy extends beyond symptom reduction
23
Q

What are the problems with second wave therapies that third wave therapies improve?

A
  1. Dissatisfaction with diagnostic systems - transdiagnostic common dimensions (not relying on labels), hyper-reflexility (focus on yourself and your thoughts) as a common dimension
  2. ‘Enigmas’ of diverse effective therapies - focus on general principles of therapies (trusting relationship, healing environment, myths and rituals)
  3. Intrapsychic approach - recovery of contextual perspective and function of negative cognitions and behaviours
24
Q

What are the two general pricniples of third wave therapies?

A

Acceptance and activation

25
Q

What is an example of a third wave therapy?

A

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

26
Q

What is ACT?

A

Focuses on mindfulness and acceptance, commitment to action for personal values

27
Q

What is the aim of ACT?

A

Increase psychological flexibility - the ability to contact the present moment more fully as a conscious human being, and to change or persist in behaviour when it serves valued ends

28
Q

What is the philosophy of functional contextualism?

A

To predict and shape behaviour of an individual who is interacting in and with the context

29
Q

What philosophy, science and theory is ACT based on?

A

Functional contextualism, contextual behavioural science, and relational frame theory

30
Q

What is relational frame theory?

A

Language and cognition are based on the ability to relate stimuli in a meaninful way - we are not only able to understand individual stimuli but also relationship between stimuli

31
Q

What are the core principles of psychological flexibility (ACT)?

A

Being present, acceptance, cognitive defusion, self as context, values, commitment

32
Q

What is acceptance (in ACT)?

A

Be willing to experience difficult thoughts

33
Q

What is cognitive defusion (in ACT)?

A

Observe your thoughts without being ruled by them

34
Q

What is self as context (in ACT)?

A

Notice your thoughts

35
Q

What is values (in ACT)?

A

Discover what is really important to you

36
Q

What is commitment (in ACT)?

A

Take action to pursue the important things in your life

37
Q

What are the point of values in ACT?

A

Understanding value-consistent behaviours.
Clarifying and committing to personal values produce better behavioural variability.
Aim is not to reduce symptoms but to increase the individual’s repertoire of effective behaviours