Developments in behavioural science Flashcards
What are the three waves of behaviour therapy?
- Behaviour therapy (classic behaviour therapy and applied behaviour analysis)
- Cognitive therapy (CBT)
- Contextual therapy (ACT)
What are the two reasons that behavioural therapy was developed?
- Doubts about the effectiveness of psychoanalysis.
- Extension of associative learning principles in clinical setting (classical and operant conditioning)
What were the doubt about psychoanalysis efficacy?
Eysenck’s criticisms - challenges long-duration, lack of empirical evidence, unfalsifiability, emphasis on unconscious processes
What does the extension of associative learning principles in clinical settings mean?
The same principles can be applied to maladaptive behaviour in a clinical setting - it is now empirical and measurable.
What are the two characteristics of behavioural therapy?
Focus on the environment (something we can observe and test) and efficacy assessment (something we know will work and we can test)
What are the two techniques of behavioural therapy?
Systematic desensitisation and prolonged exposure with response prevention
What is systematic desensitisation?
Involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus/situation while train them in relaxation techniques (Wolpe)
What are the steps of systematic desensitisation?
- Create a hierarchy of fear-inducing situations/stimuli from least to most anxiety-provoking.
- Choose how to approach to each stimulus (gradually exposure).
- Implement relaxation techniques unitl you feel calm.
What is the idea behind systematic desensitisation in terms of classical conditioning?
You cannot be relaxed and anxious at the same time - associated a stimulus associated with fear with the opposite (relaxation).
What is systematic desensitisation used for?
Anxiety/fear responses
What is prolonged exposure with response prevention used for?
Anxiety, particularly OCD
What is prolonged exposure with response prevention?
Exposure: exposed (controlled and gradually) to feared stimulus for extended period without engaging in the usual compulsive behaviours intended to reduce anxiety.
Response prevention: individual confronts their fears while preventing the usual compulsive responses - make it more difficult to do. Better to do quickly rather than gradually
What was one of the main critiques of behaviour therapy?
Doesn’t take into account thoughts/emotions/beliefs - ignores language/cognition
Why did cognitive therapy emerge?
In response to behavioural therapy criticisms - addresses the role of lanaguage and cognition in behaviour.
Who are the pioneers of cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy) and Albert Ellis (rational emotive behaviour therapy)