Developmental stages

Question 1

An infant’s primary interaction with the world is through the mouth. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking

Answer 1

Oral stage (birth-1 year) (freud)

Question 2

the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training is a primary issue with children and parents. Too much pressure can result in an excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life, while too little pressure from parents can lead to messy or destructive behavior later in life.

Answer 2

Anal stage (1-3 years) (freud)

Question 3

Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id’s energy is on the genitals. At this stage children become aware of their gender identity

Answer 3

Phallic stage (3-6 years) (freud)

Question 4

Sexual feelings are dormant. Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

Answer 4

latent stage(6-Puberty) (freud)

Question 5

The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop sexual interests in others. If development has been successful to this point, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person.

Answer 5

genital stage (Puberty-Adult) (freud)

Question 6

personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
This psychosexual energy was described as the driving force behind behavior

Answer 6

psychosexual developmental theory

Question 7

a human’s basic, instinctual drives is called:

Answer 7

Id

Question 8

attempts to mediate between id and reality is called:

Answer 8

Ego

Question 9

reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents

Answer 9

superego

Question 10

Based on the premise that people actively construct higher levels of knowledge
● Motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of ‘disequilibrium’ brought on by a discrepancy between the person’s current understanding of the world and reality.
● Equilibrium is then achieved through a combination of assimilation (incorporation of new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modification of existing schemas), which both lead to adaptation.

Answer 10

Piaget’s developmental theory

Question 11

sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years)

Answer 11

object permanence

causality

symbolic thought

Question 12

allows the child to recognize that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Ex: A child searches for a toy that is hidden under a blanket, even if the toy cannot be seen.

Answer 12

object permanence (Piaget)

Question 13

when the child to recognize that certain events cause other events. Ex: A child realizes that they can use their hand to pick up and move a toy to a different spot.

Answer 13

causality (Piaget)

Question 14

when the child begins to use language (symbols) to think about actions before performing them. Ex: A child begins to understand that words represent an object such as a dog or cat.

Answer 14

symbolic thought (Piaget)

Question 15

A key characteristic of this stage is
the symbolic function, which allows the child to learn through the use of mental
images, language and other symbols that represent objects that aren’t present. Children during this stage engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally.

Answer 15

preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)(Piaget)

Question 16

Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking. This allows children to classify and problem-solve in more sophisticated ways.

Answer 16

concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)(Piaget)

Question 17

During this stage, the adolescent or young adult is able to think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way. Adolescents can develop competing hypotheses about a problem and strategies for testing the hypotheses. There is an increase in “thinking about thinking” and some return to egocentrism during this stage.

Answer 17

formal operational stage (11+ years) (Piaget)

Question 18

The psychosocial task during this stage is to achieve a balance between trust and mistrust. Basic trust develops in the context of
the relationship between the infant and the primary caregiver and forms the foundation for all other stages of development. Failure to master the task can result in pervasive mistrust of others OR dependent, unthinking, rigid adulation of others.

Answer 18

trust vs mistrust (0-18 months)(Erickson)

Question 19

The toddler’s psychosocial task during this stage is to achieve a sense of independence over her
own body in the context of relationships with primary caregivers. If a child experiences autonomy (in walking, exploring, etc.), she will gain confidence and pride, which then become ego strengths. If the child is overcontrolled or prohibited from exploring or becoming autonomous, she is likely to feel doubtful of her own abilities and excessive shame.

Answer 19

autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years) (Erickson)

Question 20

The child’s psychosocial task during this stage is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others. Exerting too much control (or taking action that does infringe on the rights of others) results in disapproval from adults and subsequent feelings of guilt. Those feelings of guilt, then, prohibit the child (or adult) from effectively making plans or setting goals in the future.

Answer 20

initiative vs guilt (3-6 years) (Erickson)

Question 21

The child’s psychosocial task during this stage is to develop a sense of competence by beginning school and learning to do things on his own which instills a sense of pride and confidence. A child’s peer group also begins to be of greater significance in this stage as well and contributes to a child’s self-esteem. If adults do not support the child in his initiative, then a sense of inferiority is likely to develop where the child doubts his own abilities, making it more difficult to reach his potential.

Answer 21

industry vs inferiority (6-12 years) (Erickson)

Question 22

The adolescent’s task is to learn the roles that s/he will occupy as an adult while developing a sense of personal identity. Peer relationships help them to explore various identities. Success in this stage leads to fidelity where the adolescent feels comfortable with others who have varying values, while remaining true to her own identity. If the adolescent fails to develop a sense of identity, than she may feel role confusion or a weakened sense of self.

Answer 22

identity vs role confusion (12-18 years) (Erickson)

Question 23

The task during this stage is to begin forming intimate relationships with other people. An individual develops comfortable relationships with a sense of commitment and care. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to isolation, loneliness, and a feeling of exclusion.

Answer 23

intimacy vs isolation (18-40 years) (Erickson)

Question 24

The psychosocial task during this stage is to participate in activities that give the individual a sense of purpose such as a career, raising children, and creating positive changes that benefit others. If an adult does not feel this sense of purpose, he may then feel little connection to others and a sense of uselessness or rejection.

Answer 24

generativity vs stagnation (40-65 years) (Erickson)

Question 25

The psychosocial task during this stage is for older adults to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment. This wisdom allows for them to face the end of life and accept successes and failures, aging, and loss. Those who see their lives as unproductive or with many regrets may develop a sense of despair and guilt that can lead to depression and hopelessness.

Answer 25

ego integrity vs despair (65-death) (Erickson)