Developmental Psycopathology & Behavioral Disorders Flashcards
What is developmental psychopathology?
Interdisciplinary approach to understanding processes and pathways to typical & atypical development
Integrates developmental science and psychopathology
Focus on complex interplay of factors affecting dynamic processes of development
Why should we use a developmental approach?
Disorders have different ages of onset
Is behaviour normal for stage of development/ environmental setting
What are the causal factors in developmental psychopathology?
Biological, psychological, socio-environmental - multiple levels of analysis
What is equifinality?
Variety of developmental pathways may lead to a particular outcome
What is multifinality?
Particular adverse event may not lead to the same outcome in every individual - can act as a protective factor
What is the function of developmental trajectories?
Help understand outcomes, risk factors, reaction to interventions
Change as function of age/ other factors
What is homotypic continuity?
Same symptom continue following developmental transition (anxiety -> anxiety)
What is heterotypic continuity?
Symptoms at 1 developmental period predict different set of symptoms following developmental transition (anxiety -> depression)
What is the difference between a risk and protective factor?
Risk - variable/ condition associated with an increased risk/ chance of disorder
Protective - variable/ condition associated with lower risk/ chance of disorder
What is the 3rd variable effect?
2 variables are caused by a 3rd variable
What is cause and effect?
Cause is an agent that modifies health
What is a mechanism?
Sequence of events, conditions or processes that lead from X to Y
What is a developmental cascade?
Cumulative consequences on development
Within/ across domains
Can be direct, indirect, unidirectional, bidirectional, interaction effects
What is antisocial behaviour?
Multidisciplinary construct
Public view is anatisocial behaviour is socially unacceptable
Any aggressive/ intimidating/ destructive activity damaging/ destroying another’s QoL
What is the psychological perspective on antisocial behaviour?
Heterogeneous disorder - range of behaviours, persistence over time, severity of symptoms
What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
Angry/ irritable mode
Argumentative, defiant behavior
Vindictiveness
Prevalence 1-11%
Emotional response
What is conduct disorder (CD)?
Aggression to people & animals
Destruction of property
Deceitfulness/ theft
Serious violation of rules
Prevalence 2-10%
More behavioural
What are the different onsets for CD?
Childhood onset (<10yrs) - typically male, more severe symptoms with worse outcomes
Adolescent onset (>10yrs) - normative relationships , better outcomes
Unspecified onset
What is a specifier of CD?
Limited prosocial emotions - callous unemotional traits
What is Moffitts taxonomy?
2 distinct categories
Adolescence limited - larger group, antisocial behavior only in adolescence
Life course persistent - small group antisocial behaviour across life
Unique aetiology, prognosis and course
What is the Dunedin multidisciplinary study?
457 males longitudinally from 3-18yrs
LCP = significantly more difficult temperament
Groups didn’t differ on police contacts, court convictions during adolescence, however did differ on violent convictions (LCP>AL)
What are high risk background factors?
Poor parenting
Neurocognitive problems
Temperament/ behaviour problems
What are differences between LCP & AL groups in adulthood?
LCP - elevated psychopathic personality traits, mental health problems, substance dependence, number of children, financial & work problems, drug & violent crimes
AL - less extreme, elevated impulse traits, mental health problems, substance dependence, financial problems & property offences
What predicts early onset?
Maternal anxiety during pregnancy, partner cruelty to mother, harsh parenting and under controlled temperament
What is the Minnesota twin family study (Taylor et al, 2000)?
Early starters = more psychological, behavioural & emotional problems related to inhibition than late & controls
Greater genetic influence on early onset than late onset delinquency
Developmental hyperactivity, emotional difficulties, peer relationship problems & prosocial emotion problems mirrored conduct problems
What are the oppositionality dimensions?
Irritability
Headstorngness
Hurtfulness (2 dimensional - irritability/ negative affect & oppositionality)
What is the predictive validity for each oppositionality dimension?
Irritability - emotional/ internalising difficulties (anxiety & depression)
Headstrongness - delinquency/ CD & callous attitudes (ADHD)
Hurtfulness - CD/ aggressive behaviours
