Developmental Psychology - Cognitive & Social Flashcards
What does Piaget think about learning?
Learning is a spontaneous child-oriented process
What are schemas from a psychological viewpoint and how do they change in early- and later life?
Schema = Organised way to understand an experience
Early life: Based on action & motor patterns
Later life: Mentally-oriented (thinking)
In the context of schemas, what is meant by “Organisation” and “Adaptation”?
Organisation = Internal rewiring of schemas. independent of interaction with the environment but solely dependent on development of the CNS
Adaptation = Building schemas and adapt them by direct interaction with the environment (assimilation & accommodation)
What is “Assimilation”
Using an existent schema to interpret what was experienced and add new information.
Used when equilibrium
What is “Adaptation”?
Adapting old schemas and/ or developing new ones to better fit what was experienced.
Used when disequilibrium
What are the four stages of “Piagets’s cognitive development”?
< 2 years: Sensory motor (touch & smell)
- 7 years: Pre-operational (motor skills)
- 11 years: Concrete operational (logic)
> 11 years: Formal operational (abstract reasoning)
What happen ins Piagets “sensory motor stage”?
8-12 months: Object permanence
12 months - 2 year:
- Delayed imitation
- Simple categorisation
What is “object permanence”?
Learn that objects remain even when out of sight.
What are the developmental stages of “categorisation” (in sensory motor- & pre-operational stage)
Sensory motor stage:
1. Perceptual
- Based on similarity in total appearance
Pre-operational:
2. Conceptual
- Based on common function or behavior
What is “delayed play” and when does it develop?
Repeat an event with delay, often as pretend play.
Around 18 months into development.
What happens in Piagets “pre-operational stage”?
Language
Drawings
Pretended play
Dual representation
(!) No complete logic
What are the functions of “pretended play”?
- Exercise for schemas increase cognition
- Understanding and integration of emotions
When is dual representation learned?
Year 3 of development
What are limitations to “pre-operational thinking” according to Piaget?
- Egocentrism = Unable to discriminate between own and someone else’s perspective
- Animistic thinking
- Conservation task
What are the limitation to the “conservation task” in pre-operational thinking?
- Perception bound
- so drawn by changes in appearance.
- Centered thinking
- Focus on one aspect
- No transformation
- Focus on the now state, not on transformation
- Irreversible
What happens in Piagets “concrete operational stage”?
Conservation task
Classification & inclusion problem
Seriation (Transitive interference)
Deductive reasoning
Less egocentric
What happens in Piagets “formal operational stage” (abstract reasoning)?
- Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- Testing a hypothesis and adjust according to outcome
- Propositional thinking
- Solve a problem without real-life connection
- Relativistic thinking
- Critically reflecting on multiple perspectives and determine the most suitable answer in a situation
What are the functions of emotions?
- Cognition (learning)
- Social behaviour (Own & influencing of others)
- Health (influence well being & mood)
What are the basal emotions in babies?
Joy, anger, sadness & fear
How do self-recognition patterns occur?
18-24 months: Shame & Proudness
2-3 year: Shyness, jealousy & guilt
What is understood by “self-referencing”?
Ability of an individual to decide how to behave by observing others
What are the basal emotions in babies?
Joy, anger, sadness & fear
What is the “Theory of mind”?
Easy stuff & recognising that someone else has feelings deviating from yours.
Describe the development of “emotional regulation”
< 2 years:
2 - 4 years: Coping strategies are learned
4 - 14 years: Individual coping skills lead to self regulation
What are the two (emotional) coping strategies?
- Problem-focused coping
- When a situation is viewed as changeable
- Emotion-focused coping
- When problem-focused coping does not work
What does attachment style say?
Attachement style is predictive for Childs skills (1) but also for parents problems (2)
What are the different attachment styles?
- Safe attachment
- Unsafe attachement
A. Avoidant
B. Resistant
C. Disorganized
