Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Which developmental theme does the “mature pincer grap” and “mathematical reasoning” belong to?
Discontinuous development
What is described by the “Classical conditioning theory”.
A conditional stimulus evokes a response.
With associated learning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement (Reward and Punishment)
Measuring Heart beat and stress hormones is part of which measuring methodology?
Psychobiological methods.
Social learning
Modelling & Imitation behaviour (Learning by watching the behaviour of others).
What are the four designs for developmental research?
- Natural observation
- Experimental method
- Natural experiment
- Developmental experiments
Is natural observation hard to interpret?
Yes.
The researcher mistakenly allows another variable to change along with the manipulated independent variable.
Procedural confounding factor
A measure designed to assess a particular construct inadvertently measures something else as well
Operational confounding factor
Children of different ages are tested at one moment in time. Which study design?
Cross-sectional design
The same set of children is tested repeatedly over a specific period. Which study design?
Longitudinal design
Children of different ages are tested at 2-3 different moments in time. Which study design?
Time-lag design.
Scenario: Loss of a loved one. Normative or non-normative confounding factor?
Non-normative confounding factor
Is the cohort effect a disadvantage of cross-sectional study design?
Yes. But also for time-lag study design
Which reflexes does a newborn have?
- Eye blinking
- Withdrawal
- Swimming
- Suckling
- Rooting
What are the stages in reaching and grabbing?
- Palm reflex/ Ulnar grasp
- Pre-reaching - from 2 months
- Reaching - from 3 months
- Radial Palmer grasp - from 6/7 months
- Pincer grasp (when bilateral coordination)
Can you distinguish between the palmer and the pincer grasp?
- Palmer grasp (reflex)
- Radial Palmer grasp - 6/7 months
- Inferior pincer grasp - 9 months
- Pincer grasp - 12 months
When does “Experience-dependent synaptic pruning” reaches its peak?
Play behaviour.
What are the three steps in intermodal perception (sensory integration)
Birth: Uses senses independent of modality
3-4 months: Preference for items that fit together
5-6 months: Coordination between seeing & touching
How can odor preferences be influenced?
Can be determined by what mother eats.
What are the three sources of information to keep balance?
- Optical flow
- Proprioception
- Vestibular
What sounds do babies prefer?
Complex sounds over pure tones.
What are the three steps of auditory processing development?
0-7 months: Sensitive for musical phrasing
6-8. months: Filters out languages; Recognises common words from mothers tongue
8-9 months: Discovers syllabus co-occurring in the same word
What are the three steps of vision development?
- 2 months: Focus & colour vision
- 2-6 months: Search & follow
- 6-7 months: Seeing depth
What are the four patterns in face recognition?
- 3 weeks: Insensitive for contrast, preference for large simple patterns
- 2 months: Search for hallmarks in specific patterns & increased contrast
- 4 months: Recognition of patterns without clear borders
- 12 months: Recognition of items even when parts are missing
What does the “differentiation theory” of visual perception state?
Babies…
… look for invariable items
… note stabile relations between items
… slowly start to differentiate between items
What is understood by the term “preferential looking” (A) and what is it used for (B) ?
A. Novelty preference & familiarity preference
B. Habituation to examine memory
Do babies prefer to look at units?
Yes, after 4 months.
Is there a connection between preferential looking and self-awareness?
At 3 months preference for odd situation
Explain the steps of depth recognition development.
- When starting to crawl, sense for depth
- 2-4 months: Binocular view, reaching & grabbing
- 5-8 months: Eye-body coordination
- 9-12 months: When standing increased awareness of depth
Some fears can be acquired, give examples!
3 years: Strangers
4 years: Recognise themselves vs. parents leads to fear of separation
5 years: Use of logic and understanding leads to less fear in general
