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CNS development > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

Name the scientific name for the main brain regions, Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain.

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon.

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2
Q

Name the sub-groups of the three main brain regions; Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon, and what they contain.

A

(1) Prosencephalon:
- Telencephalon: Isocortex, basal ganglia and limbic system
- Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
(2) Mesencephalon:
- Tectum and Tegmentum
(3) Rhombencephalon:
- Metencephalon: Cerebellum and Pons
- Myelencephalon: Medulla

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3
Q

When does the CNS begin to form?

A

3 Weeks.

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4
Q

What do the front part and rest of the neural tube differentiate into?

A

Front part: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hind brain
Rest: Spinal cord

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5
Q

What is “Neurolation” and name the four stages of it.

A

Formation, bending, shaping and closure.

Neurolation refers to the folding and transformation process of the neural plate into the neural tube.

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6
Q

What is understood by “cell migration” in the Neural tube?

A

Cells migrate from the inner part to the outside of the neural tube to form main brain regions.

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7
Q

What are “Neuromeres” (A.) and when do they appear (B.)?

A

A. Series of swellings, segments of the neural tube that establish the embryonic brain during development: Prosomeres, Mesomeres, Rhombomeres.
B. Week 4/ Day 28

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8
Q

During early development the brain folds at three locations. Where and when?

A
  1. Mesencephalic flexure; pontine flexure; cervical flexure.
  2. Week 4-8
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9
Q

When does the brain develop from 3- to 5 vesicle stage?

A

Week 5

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10
Q

Explain, what is understood by structural and functional brain components?

A
  1. Structural: Nuclei/ grey matter are clusters of neural cell matter and Tracts/ white matter are connecting pathways of different parts of the brain.
  2. Functional: Neuronal system are a collection of nuclei system that serve a common function.
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11
Q

What do we understand by Sulci, Gyri and Fissures?

A

Sulci are minor furrows, Gyri are rims and Fissures are deep furrows.

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12
Q

What is “Cephalization” and when is it completed?

A
  1. Gradual appearance of Gyri and Sulci.
  2. After 9 months.
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13
Q

When does the division of the two brain halves first appear?

A

Week 14.

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14
Q

When is the nerve cell generation completed?

A

After 5 months.

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15
Q

How are telencephalon and diencephalon positioned to each other?

A

Telencephalon is folded on top of diencephalon.

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16
Q

What does white matter contain of?

A

Myelin & internal capsule, so it is highway for communication.

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17
Q

What are the four subregions of the neocortex and what are their main functions?

A
  1. Frontal cortex
    - High-level cognition
    - Vizual-motor planing
  2. Parietal cortex
    - Sensory integration
    - Motor control
    - Expressive language
  3. Temporal cortex
    - Auditory and visual processing
    - Receptive language
  4. Visual cortex
    - High-level visual processing
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18
Q

In what sense are neurons post-mitotic?

A

They are unable to divide once established.

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19
Q

What does the message from a neutron depend on?

A

The type of message depends on the type of receptor.

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20
Q

What are the major building blocks of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, soma (cell body), axon and synapse.

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21
Q

How do we express the diversity of neurons (classification)?

A
  1. Structural:
    - Anaxonic neuron
    - Bipolar neuron
    - Unipolar neuron
    - Multipolar neuron
  2. Funcitonal:
    - Motor neuron
    - Interneuron
    - Sensory neuron
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22
Q

What are the main functions of glia cells?

A
  1. Provide physical and chemical support to neurons
  2. Maintain neural environment
  3. Help in neural communication
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23
Q

Name Glia cells of the CNS and PNS and their main functions.

A

CNS
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Ependymal cells
4. Microglia
PNS
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells

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24
Q

Explain the relationship between Myelination and Multiple Sclerosis.

A

Inflammation of the myelin sheet causes impairment of the cell communication.

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25
Q

Name the eight phases of Fetal- and Embryonic brain development. Mind, that they can occur simultaneously in different brain parts.

A
  1. Mitosis/ Proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Aggregation
  5. Synaptogenesis
  6. Neuron death
  7. Synapse rearrangement
  8. Myelination
26
Q

What are the two types of division of neural tube epithelia?

A
  1. Symmetric division:
    - 2 Stemm cells or 2 committed cells
  2. Asymmetric division:
    - 1 Stemm cell and 1 committed cell
27
Q

What cell types arise from asymmetric division of neural tube epithelia?

A
  1. Radial glia
  2. Glioblasts
  3. Neuroblasts
  4. Ependymal cells
28
Q

Which factors are needed to turn Ectoderm into Epidimes?

A

High BMP4
Low Chordin and Noggin

29
Q

Which factors are needed for “Neural induction”, from Neural tube ectoderm into Neuroectoderm?

A

High Chordin and Noggin
Low BMP4

30
Q

Which factors are needed to specify Neural tube Organization Centers?

A

Roofplate: TGF-betaS
Floorplate: SHH

31
Q

Which factors are needed for “Neurogenesis”, to form neural progenitors which eventually give rise to neurons?

A

High bHLH gene products
Low Notch

32
Q

Which factors are needed for “Oligodendrogenesis” to form Olygodendrocytes?

A

High Olig1/2 and Nkx2.1
Low bHLH gene products

33
Q

Which factors are needed for “Astrogliogenensis” to form astrocytes?

A

High Notch/ Nrg
Low bHLH gene products

34
Q

Where does Mitosis (1.) occur and what happens to the cells afterwards?

A
  1. Mitosis occurs in the ventricular zone (/layer)
  2. Cells enter post-mitotic state
35
Q

Explain the role of Radial glia cells in migration (2.).

A

Migrating neurons follow radial glia cells from the inside to the outside.

36
Q

How does the movement during migration (2.) occur?

A

Actin bundles called “Growth cones” crawl forward and drag the attached axon behind them.

37
Q

How do neurons during migration (2.) know where to go?

A
  1. Extrinsic signals
    - Chemoattraction (e.g. Netrins)
    - Chemorepulsion (e.g. Semaphorins)
  2. Intrinsic Receptors
    - Protein receptors detect signals made by cells
38
Q

Describe the cause and symptomology of Microcephaly, Lissencephaly, Inverted cortical layering and Double cortex.

A
  1. Microcephaly
    - Initiation defect caused by mutation in Filamin and Argef2
  2. Lissencephaly
    - Ongoing migration defect caused by mutation in Lis1 and Dcx
    - Leading to a loss of cortical layering
    Or
    - Leading to double cortex
  3. Inverted cortical layering
    - Lamination defect caused by mutation in Reelin and Apoer2
  4. Double cortex
    - Stop signal defect caused by mutation in DCX
39
Q

Synaptogenesis (5.) gives rise to different types of synapses, which are they?

A
  1. Axo-dendric
  2. Axo-somatic
  3. Axo-axotic
  4. Dendro-dendritic
40
Q

Who guides neurons during Synaptogenesis (5.)

A
  1. Little extrusions called “spines” along axons and dendrites
  2. Guidance molecules; such as adhesion molecules, neurotrophins and ligand-receptor pairs.
41
Q

What are the three steps of Synaptogenesis (5.)?

A
  1. Localised cellular interactions or adhesions
  2. Pre-synaptic differentiation to build synapse
  3. Post-synaptic differentiation to receive neurotransmitter signals
42
Q

In what sense are proto- cadherins combinatorial molecular codes for synapse specificity?

A

Alternative Splicing forms specific pre- and postsynaptic combination of juxtacrine signaling molecules.

43
Q

In what way are cell death (6.) and rearrangement (7.) related?

A

Neurons receiving insufficient neutropic factors die.
So that axonal process compete for neutropic factor and rearrange accordingly.

44
Q

When does myelination (8.) begin?

A

At 5 months. Done by oligodendrocytes to increase conduction speed. “Saltatory conduction”

45
Q

Where do we find the “red nucleus” and the “substantia nigra”.

A

In the mesencephalon/ midbrain.

46
Q

What gives the red nucleus its “colour”?

A

Haemoglobin and ferritin

47
Q

What gives the substantia nigra its “colour”?

A

Neuromelanin

48
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

It is an additional motor pathway for the coordination of sensorimotor information.

49
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Involved in Dopamine production for movement control, cognitive executive functions and limbic activity

50
Q

Which neural tissues does the diencephalon give rise to?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Neuropituitary
51
Q

How are the eyes, optic tract and chasm connected?

A

Via the floor plate.

52
Q

The “infundibulum” differentiates to form which structure?

A

Posterior pituitary lobe.

53
Q

What is the function of the “pineal gland”?

A

Melatonine Production
Light sensing

54
Q

What is the function of the “thalamus”?

A

Information relay for sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.

55
Q

What is the function of the “pituitary gland”?

A

Hormone production
Regulation of growth, metabolism and reproduction

56
Q

What are the functions of the “hypothalamus”?

A

Hormone Production
Regulates hormone secretion of pituitary gland
Regulates autonomic nervous system
Regulates endocrine systems
Regulates goal-directed behaviours

57
Q

What are the four sup compartments of the “telencephalon”/ hemispheric wall?

A
  1. Olfactory bulb
  2. Striatum
  3. Neocortex (90% of cerebral cortex)
  4. Hippocampus
58
Q

Where is the cause for Huntington’s disease, Hemibalism and Parkinsons located?

A

Basal ganglia.

59
Q

How do we call the spatial representation of body parts in the primary motor and sensory cortex?

A

Cortical Homunculus.

60
Q

What are the four integrative centres of the the brain?

A
  1. General interpretive center (Wernicke’s area)
  2. Speech center (Broca’s area)
  3. Hemispheric lateralisation
  4. Prefrontal cortex
61
Q

Which system do amygdala and hippocampus belong to?

A

Limbic system

62
Q

What are the main functions of amygdala and hippocampus?

A

Amygdala: Emotion, Emotional memory
Hippocampus: Navigation, memory

CNS development (7 decks)

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