Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Erikson’s stages of personality development

Answer 1

Trust vs. Mistrust (age 1)

Autonomy vs. Shame/ Doubt (1-3)

initiative vs. guilt (3-5/6)

industry vs. inferiority (5/6-12)

identity vs. role confusion (12-18)

intimacy vs. isolation (18-35)

generativity vs. stagnation (35-60)

ingegrity vs. despair (60+)

Question 2

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 2

Preconventional Morality - bx to avoid punishment get reward

Conventional Morality - believes based on approval of others or social norms/standards/social order.

Postconventional Morality - function according to own conscience

– people arrive at their own moral judgments not internalized by parental or societal standards.

Question 3

Preconventional Morality

Answer 3

ages 4-10, compliance with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards. (1) Punishment-Obedience Oriented (2) Instrumental Hedonism

Question 4

Conventional Morality

Answer 4

after age 10, conforming to rules to get approval from others. (3) Good girl/Bad boy (4) Law and Order

Question 5

Postconventional Morality

Answer 5

by age 13 or never, conflicts between morality or socially acceptable standards. “right, fair, just” (5) morality of contract, individual rights, democratically acceptable laws (6) Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience

Question 6

Carol Gilligan

Answer 6

Justice Perpective (males), Caring Perspective (female) Level 1: self-interest Level 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice Level 3: Morality of nonviolence - no one should be hurt including herself. balance between herself and others needs.

Question 7

Freud Personality Development

Answer 7

Oral (age 1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-5/6) Latency (5/6-12) – sexual quiescence. Genital (12-18)

Question 8

Object Permanence

Answer 8

maintain image of the mother when she is absent

Question 9

Object Constancy

Answer 9

ability to unify good and bad aspects of the mother into a whole representation.

Question 10

Equilibration

Answer 10

defined by Piaget as a state of cognitive balance. The need for balance is what motivates a child to assimilate and accommodate new information.

Question 11

Vygostsky

Answer 11

suggested that children receive support and teaching from parents and other more experienced children - termed “scaffolding”