developmental psychology Flashcards
what are some gender theories?
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Biological Basis
- Cognitive developmental theory
- Gender schema theory
- Social cognitive theory
what is the purpose of psychoanalytic theory? in gender development?
Freud - that gender development takes place during phallic stage where children understand different anatomical sex differences - unconscious desires
what is the purpose of biological basis theory? in gender development
believes that biological attributes such as genes and hormones are what determine the sexuality of individuals
what is the purpose of cognitive developmental theory? in gender development?
Kohlberg - person’s sex is a permanent attribute that is tied to underlying biological properties - e.g. genitals and genetics constitution & not surface characteristics.
what is the purpose of the gender schema theories? in gender development
similar to cognitive developmental theory
- reenacts gender identity
what is the purpose of the social cognitive theory? in gender development?
gender development is influenced by social influences parents, peers and media that affect personal factors
what is the purpose of gender theories?
the purpose of it is to determine where gender stereotypes, gender development is rooted?
what are some issues in gender stereotypes in childhood?
- children preferring gender stereotypical activities and same-sex play
- gender segregation
what are the goals of moral development?
teaching children:
- societal prohibitations
- internalisation and self punishment within children rather than external punishment
- practicing empathy and prosocialness
what is moral conduct?
children learning what they should and shouldn’t do
what is Piaget’s theory of morality (1932)
- children before the age of 8, make judgement on the basis of consequences of the actions rather than intention
- children aged 8+= make judgement on basis of intentions
what are the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
- Preconventional morality
- Conventional morality
- Postconventional morality
what is the first stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Preconventional morality stage
- children focuse on satisfying their own needs: avoiding punishment and obtaining personal rewards
what is the second stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Conventional morality stage:
- children focusing on social approval - what people will say - much more externally motivated
What is the 3rd stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Postconventional morality stage:
- focus on abstract ideals: abstract ethical principles that determine one’s own moral code –> internal development
what is self-sanctioning and how does that affect moral development?
self-sanctioning is part of moral disengagement wherere there is mismatch between adopting moral standards and not behaving in accord
- selective activation of internal controol
- justifying moral disengagement e.g. bullying “they deserved it, it didn’t hurt that much”
what are the experiments performed in relation to the social cognition of the child & what did each one find?
- the rouge experiment
- found that children develop sense of awareness at 18 months - the theory of mind (the broccoli experiment)
- appreciation that other people may think differently, and that what they think will guide their behaviour - the sally anne task
- measures a person’s social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs onto others
what is the main role of parental roles in teaching social interactions
- parents who explain and discuss social situations - developing brain maturation through age, language development and pretend play
+ as well as the presence of older siblings.
wat is the attachment theory? and how does parenting influence development?
attachment is necessary in developing and part of survival!
who are the first attachment theorists? and what did they find through their experiments?
Ainsworth & Bowlby
- looked at anxiety and distress that children experienced when separated from caregivers
- experiment: to activate attachment system
found that:
* children have an attachment style that soughts to regain proximity and physical contact with the caregiver & once achieved the attachment system turns off.
what are the advantages of secure attachment
- better relationship with peers
- more leadership
- better emotion regulation
limitations of attachment theory
- attachment is considered a relationship construct
- children;s life circumstances can vary when particular care giving environment changes
3 attributes of sensitive parents:
1) notice and receive infants signal cues s they take note of what’s going on with the chiild
2) notice cues and interpret accuratel
what are Baumrind’s different parenting styles?
ADPN
A-authoritative
D-democrative
P-permissive
N- negligent
what are conflicting perpectives of Baumrind’s parenting styles?
- there are different cultural considerations and limitations
- overly mother-child focused
- heterosexual normative parenting
- gender normative
reasons to support change of parenting styles:
- sociocultural change - women working more
- children attending childcare - cared for by grandparents
- other adult-child relationships (Teachers, mentors)
- different attachment styles
- new cognitive capacities
what is Erikson’s developmental tasks & especially for adolescence
Erikson’s developmental task theory for each task for each stage of development
& especially at adolescence –> there is identity & role confusion where they go through fidelity & sense of belonging
what are the key changes in adolescence?
- Biologicall
- hormonal changes
- puberty - seexual characteristics
- menstruation & sperm development
- genetic contribution + environmental - Psychological
- identity - questioning
- cognitive - thiink more abstract, engage in hypothesising making equip for challenges - social
- peers
- romantic relationships
what is the key developmental task for adolescence?
Identity vs Role Confusion
* Erikson coined the phrase “Identity crisis” to describe the confusion adolescents may feel about their sense of self and who they want to be
* “Who am I?, What do I believe? What are my goals?
Differentiation from parents/ peer relations
what are the key developmental task for adulthood and ageing?
generativity & stagnation - care
integrity & despair
- there are major adult transition views
- focuses on understanding and desribing development in terms of milestones
- focuses on social norms - how milestones fit in with social norms
what are normative life events?
they fit in with typicality & timing of major life events
- there are on tim and off time
+ mainly based on social norms + social clock
On time :
- events that occur at a typical expected point in lifespan
off time:
* events nontypial or uneexpected
- e.g. early widowhood
- redudancy vs planned retirement
- age at first birth
serious accident, injury
how has changes in perception & demographics changed for old age?
- meaning of old age has changed
- changes to life expectancy
- people are living longer than ever
what is ageism, example of ageism & the consequences of ageism?
The systematic stereotyping & discrimination against old people
- institutional level & individual
Consequences:
- stereotypes & myths
- outright disdain & dislike
- avoidance of contact - segregation in discriminatory practices in housing, employment
what are the main changing concpts of old age?
Losses & gains
losses
- biological - hearing, functioning etc
gains:
- hardiness, resiliency, financial security, selective optimisation.
