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Exam 6 > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Development is a ____ process

A

non-linear

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2
Q

4 stages of cognitive development according to piaget

A

sensorimotor
Preoperational
concrete operational
formal operationsl

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3
Q

Age and goal for sensorimotor stage for Piaget

A

birth to 18-24 months, object permanence

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4
Q

Age and goal for preoperational stage for Piaget

A

2-7 years old, symbolic thought

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5
Q

Age and goal for concrete operational stage for Piaget

A

7-11, logical thought

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6
Q

Age and goal for formal operational stage for Piaget

A

12+, logical thought

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7
Q

What Erikson based on stages on

A

solving a crisis
basic trust for infant, shame and doubt for toddler, guilt for preschooler, inferiority for school age, role confusion for adolescent, etc

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8
Q

Children understanding the world through touch, taste, movement describes what stage of Piaget

A

sensorimotor. birth to 24 months

very interested in the world directly in front of them, they are very interested in what is right in front of them

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9
Q

What age do children form words

A

~12 months

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10
Q

Objects existing even when they cannot be heard and seen is ____
what age does this develop

A

object permanence. this is a basis for abstract thought
develops 8-9 months
might lead to separation anxiety (but this is good so they don’t just keep crawling away)

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11
Q

In early infancy, babies are _____

A

egocentric. this may result in separation anxiety.

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12
Q

Basis of this psychology concept
caregiver- stability and consistency
learning to get and receive what is offered

A

Erikson Trust vs Mistrust

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13
Q

Erikson Trust vs mistrust stage
Trust leads to ____ and getting needs met from others
Mistrust leads to _____

A

hope

fear, anxiety, and insecurity

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14
Q

Mahler’s separation-individuation stages

A

normal autistic 0-1mo, normal symbiotic 1-5mo, separation-individuation 5-24mo
dependent on caregiver, begin to look at self as separate, separation-individuation

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15
Q

Erikson stage defined as
work of holding on and letting go (speech, sphincter and muscle control)
work on will to be oneself vs self doubt
trying to be own person. this is strongly impacted by the caregiver

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
NEED a caregiver that allowed them to try out new things without being too controlled. caregiver that is too rigid does not send message that autonomy is possible

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16
Q

Piaget stage defined by:
symbolic language, LITERAL interpretation of the world, no logical problem solving (death is reversible), non-living objects have feelings/life

A

pre operational stage. age 2-7

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17
Q

_____ Development: parallel play to learning to play cooperatively, on a team

A

social

Parallel play is <3yrs

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18
Q

Erikson stage defined by
greater participation of outside world, curious, finds purpose, asks questions (why), plans activities, develop conscience that can be harsh/uncompromising-> develop morality

A

Initiative vs. guilt, 3-5 years

Talk of “bad guys” and “good guys”

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19
Q

Piaget stage defined by

Able to think logically about concrete events, conservation (the long vs short cup), reversibility (5+7 = 7+5)

A 
Concrete operational (7-11 years old)
less egocentric-> more aware of other's feelings and thoughts but still working on it
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20
Q

Erikson stage defined by
learning new skills, pride in making things, imagine themselves in very occupations, role models needed to overcome sense of inferiority + achieve COMPETENCE, sense of futility + work paralysis

A

industry vs inferiority (5-13 years)

getting grounded in their own abilities

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21
Q

____ stage defined as: tumultuous, differentiation from family, focus on peers, risk taking + reward seeking + poor decision making.

A

Adolescence (imbalance between limbic + frontal lobe)

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22
Q

Piaget stage defined by:

abstract ideas, can deal with hypothetical problems, not guaranteed

A

Formal operational 12+

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23
Q

Erikson stage defined by

“who am I and what do I care about”, identity questions, how they appear in others’ eyes, cliques

A

identity vs role confusion (13-21 years)

failure to negotiate-> role confusion

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24
Q

What are the domains in the DSM5 criteria for Autism Spectrum disorder?

A

social communication differences, restrictive and repetitive behaviors

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25
Q

Three characteristics of social communication and interaction for autism spectrum disorder

A

deficits in reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and relationships

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26
Q

Deficits in ________ in ASD:

reduced showing/sharing, limited conversation, unexpected social responses

A

social emotional reciprocity

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27
Q

Deficits in ________ in ASD: uncomfortable with eye contact, difficult reading facial expressions, limited gestures

A

non-verbal communication

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28
Q

Deficits in ________ in ASD: difficult adjusting to context, reduced imaginary/social play, friendships different than expected

A

relationships

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29
Q

The 4 examples of restricted and repetitive behaviors

A 
stereotyped or repetitive behaviors
insistence on sameness
restricted interests 
sensory hyper or hypoactivity
(must have 2/4)
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30
Q

Repetitive restricted behaviors defined by repetitive motor movements (pacing), repetitive use of objects, hand flapping, idiosyncratic phrases

A

stereotyped or repetitive behaviors

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31
Q

Repetitive restricted behaviors defined by: distress w small changes, transition problems, rigid thinking

A

insistence on sameness

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31
Q

Restricted + repetitive behaviors defined by : intense focus, attached to objects, difficult shifting to other topics

A

restricted interests

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32
Q

Restricted + repetitive behavior defined by oversensitivity, lack of sensitivity, unusual sensory interests

A

sensory hyper or hypoactivity

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33
Q

Diagnostic criteria for ASD besides social communication + restricted repetitive behaviors
Symptoms present from ______
Not accounted for by _____ or ________
Deficits could be masked until social demands exceed capacity, aka ______

A

early childhood
intellectual disability, global developmental delay
camouflaging

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34
Q

Autism has been used to mean ______

1911 by Bleuler

A

Inward preccupation used in psychotic disorders

many of first DSMs used it in context of schizo disorders

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35
Q

___ was the year that autism was dropped from the schizophrenia field

A

1980, DSM III

36
Q

Instead of using “functioning” or “severity” for people with ASD, ______ terms can be used

A

levels of support

37
Q

ASD affects ___% of population, 1 in ___ children in US

___x more common among boys

A

1-2, 44
2-5x
Girls might be because not caught /neuroprotective from hormones

38
Q

Environmental factors associated with ASD

A

older sibling with ASD, neonatal hypoxia, gestational DM, older maternal and paternal age, preterm birth, maternal obesity.

folic acid intake is protective

39
Q

Environmental factors that are not associated with ASD

A

VACCINES, c section, prolonged labor, HTN, smoking, premature rupture of membrane, prenatal smoking, assisted vaginal delivery

40
Q

What are some genes associated with autism

A

FMR1, TSC1/2

fragile X syndrome, tubero sclerosis

41
Q

Trajectory of _______ might be associated with ASD

A 
head circumference (brain developement)
smaller at first then larger in adolescence
42
Q

As well as brain volume, there is _______ in brains in ASD

A

extra-axial CSF

43
Q

It is common for individuals with ASD to also have _____

A

epilepsy

44
Q

There are no valid _____ for ASD diagnosis so focus is on observable behaviors

A

biomarkers

45
Q

Structured interview tool for parents=?

semi-structured eval of child=?

A

ADI-R

ADOS-2

46
Q

Diagnostic workup for ASD

A

speech-language assessment, occupational therapy, IQ testing, achievement testing, adaptive skills, genetic testing

47
Q

What does invention in young child look like for ASD?

A

multimodal, behavioral therapy, speech/occupational/physical therapies, support at school

48
Q

What does intervention look like for older children for ASD?

A

therapy (anxiety + emotional regulation), social skills, life and job skills training

49
Q

______ and _______ are approved irritability and aggression in autism

A

Aripiprazole and risperidone. these are anti-psychotics

50
Q

Criteria for intellecular developmental disabilities

A

start before child turns 18, has problems with intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior (social + life skills)

51
Q

____ is no longer used to define an intellectual disability (it used to be)

A

IQ. no long quantitive, more looking at how one moves through the world

52
Q

7 different characteristics for intellectual developmental disability that individuals may have trouble with

A

self care, receptive + expressive language, learning, mobility, self direction, capacity for independent living, economic self sufficiency

53
Q

_____ of intellectual disability has an identifiable etiology

A

> 70%. (genetic, prenatal development)

54
Q

What is the most common cause of intellectual disability

A

worldwide = malnutrition

US: AS

55
Q

Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome
up slated palpebral fissures (where eyelids meet), flat nasal bridge, nuchal folds, single palmar flexion crease, hypotonia
Alzheimer’s (APP is on chromosome 21)

56
Q

Most common inherited cause of intellectual disability

A 
fragile X (fmr-1 gene) (fragile mental retardation)
broad forehead, large ears, long face, enlarged testicles, hypotonia (CV condition), ASD,
57
Q

______ involves MeCP2 gene on x chrom. females only. normal for the first 5 months then deceleration head growth, lose hand coordinating, repetitive hand movements, retardation

A

Rett syndrome

this is considered a childhood disintegrative disorder

58
Q

Features of Prader Willi

A

increased appetite, narrow temple distance + nasal bridge, almond shaped eyes, mild strabismus, thin upper lip

59
Q

What are the TORCH infections

A

Toxo, Other, Rubella, CMV, Herpes

other = syphilis, aids, Parvo B19, listeria, VZV, alc)

60
Q

______ is mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

A

IQ scoring

61
Q

Co-occuring mental illness in IDD is _____

A

30-50%

62
Q

prevalence of IDD is about ___%

: male to female

A

1-3

2:1

63
Q

Most IDD appear by the age of ____

A

14

64
Q

______ accounts for the majority of hospital admissions among adults with intellectual disability

A

mental illness

aggression is often the reason-> more lively to develop anxiety, depression, irritability

65
Q

What are 8 medical comorbidities of IDD

A

seizures, constipation, GERD, nutritions, insomnia, obesity, dental problems, UTI

Medical conditions can present in a psychotic disorders

66
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder is closely related to ___

A

ADHD

They can’t control it, they get in trouble and start arguing with the teachers-> this is

67
Q

name the psych condition

Angry irritable defiant behavior vindictiveness for longer than 6 months

A

Oppositional defiant disorder

68
Q

What are examples of angry/irritable mood for ODD

A

loses temper, easily annoyed, angry/resentful often

69
Q

what are some examples of argumentative/defiant behavior

A

arguses with authority, refuses to comply with rules, deliberately annoys others, blames others for his/her mistakes

70
Q

These are risk factors for ____

Neglect/abuse poverty, violence, lower SE status, lack of parental supervision

A

ODD

71
Q

____ increases risk for conduct, mood, and anxiety disorders, low heart rate, and abnormalities in PFC and amygdala

A

ODD.

72
Q

ODD comorbidities (there are 5)

A

ADHD, Conduct disorder, anxiety, depressive, SUD

73
Q

Name that psych disorder

persistent pattern of violating societal rules or the rights of others-> impairment in functioning

A

Conduct disorder

comes from parents, and how kids are being raised

74
Q

Name some of the 15 qualities associated with conduct disorder (need 3/15 to have conduct disorder)

A

initiates fights, bully, cruelty to animals, fire setting, breaking and entering, lies, avoid obligations, steals, running away from home, truancy age, stays out at night

75
Q

Males have a _____ prevalence for conduct disorder

A

greater, (5:1 male to female)

2-10% prevalence

76
Q

Difference between ODD and CD

A

ODD is more a reactive aggression- (impulsive)- may regret a few minutes later
CD is more proactive aggression-> they know what they are doing and have planned their action. if they feel bad they feel bad they got in trouble

77
Q

CD usually starts in ______, and it is rare to begin after ___

A

middle school years, 16

40% have antisocial personality disorder

78
Q

______ is associated with reduced autonomic fear conditioning, low skin conductance, fronto-temporal-limbic dysfunction

A

CD.

these patients know what is right and wrong and feel no regret choosing the wrong thing

79
Q

Type of aggression:

fighting, violence, fire setting

A

overt aggression

80
Q

type of aggression

stealing, fraud, relational aggression

A

cover aggression

81
Q

Type of aggression: behavior that harms the social relationships of others

A

relational aggression

82
Q

Type of aggression: lack of empathy and low levels of guilt and shame (downward extension of affective and characteristics of psychopathy)

A

callous-unemotional traits

83
Q

Name some risk factors for CD

A

lower IQ, history of abuse and neglect, peer rejection, parental criminal history, SUD in fam, lack of supervision, changes in caregivers, large family size, exposure to violence

84
Q

Other things on the differential when CD is suspected

A

ODD, ADHD, mood disorders, intermittent explosive disorder, adjustment disorders

85
Q

Treatment for ODD includes:

A

parent management
school based problem solving skills
(medications (antipsychotics) only treat comorbid disorders)

86
Q

Different levels of therapy as a treatment for conduct disorder

A

individual (anger management, problem solving), caretaker (parent management, behavioral, parent-child interaction), family (functional family), multimodal (multi systemic)

87
Q

Multisystemic therapy-> theoretical basis in _____ and ____-

A

general systems theory and social ecology

change many systems interacting in the kid’s (treating everyone else not the kid)

88
Q

The 9 core principles of multi systemic therapy

A

understand fit between problems and broader systemic context, use strengths as levers for change, design interventions, interventions are present focused and action oriented, interventions target behavior within, interventions are appropriate, interventions need weekly/daily effort, assess the intervention effects, promote long term maintenance of therapeutic change

Exam 6 (14 decks)

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