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7. Child and adolescent psychiatry > Developmental, learning and communication disorders > Flashcards

Developmental, learning and communication disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of pervasive developmental disorders

A

Impaired social skills
Language/communication difficulties
Restricted behaviour

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2
Q

Difference between DSM IV and DSM V regarding autism diagnosis

A

DSM IV has autism, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified separately
DSM V has autism spectrum disorder which encompasses all the DSM IV diagnoses

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3
Q

Key features of autism spectrum disorder

A

Deficits in social communication and social interaction
Restricted repetitive behaviours, interests, and activities

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4
Q

Age of onset of childhood autism

A

<3 years

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5
Q

Male:female ratio of autism

A

4:1

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6
Q

Percentage of children with an autistic sibling who have autism

A

2-15%

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7
Q

Percentage of children with two autistic siblings who have autism

A

25-30%

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8
Q

Heritability of autism

A

90%

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9
Q

Percentage of children with autism who have Fragile X syndrome

A

1-4%

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10
Q

Percentage of children with autism who have tuberous sclerosis

A

2%

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11
Q

MRI findings in childhood autism

A

Larger brain volumes
Early acceleration in growth
Increase in size of lateral and 4th ventricles
Cerebellar hypoplasia

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12
Q

Maternal illness during pregnancy that is associated with autism

A

Rubella

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13
Q

Percentage of people with childhood autism who are unable to live independently as adults

A

60%

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14
Q

Autism intervention that involves 40 hours/week input and is based on operant conditioning, imitation and reinforcement

A

Applied behavioural analysis (ABA)

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15
Q

Licensed medication in the UK for autism and associated aggressive behaviour

A

Risperidone

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16
Q

Difference between childhood autism and Asperger’s syndrome

A

IQ normally within normal limits in Asperger’s syndrome
No delays in language development with Asperger’s syndrome
Age appropriate self care skills in Asperger’s syndrome

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17
Q

Mechanism of inheritance of Rett syndrome

A

X linked dominant

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18
Q

Gene associated with Rett syndrome

A

MECP2

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19
Q

Sex affected by Rett syndrome

A

Female (usually lethal in males)

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20
Q

Age at which microcephaly develops in Rett syndrome

A

6-18 months

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21
Q

Age at which developmental skills plateau in Rett syndrome

A

6-12 months

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22
Q

Characteristic features of Rett syndrome

A

Stereotypical hand movements including hand wringing
Loss of previously acquired speech
Psychomotor retardation
Ataxia

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23
Q

Percentage of children with Rett syndrome who have epilepsy

A

75%

24
Q

Alternative name for childhood disintegrative disorder

A

Heller’s syndrome

25
Q

Age at which symptoms begin in childhood disintegrative disorder

A

2-3

26
Q

Areas in which children may lose skills in childhood disintegrative disorder

A

Language
Social behaviour
Bowel or bladder control
Play
Motor skills

27
Q

Percentage of school aged children with learning disorders

A

5%

28
Q

Four categories of learning disorders in DSM IV

A

Reading disorder
Mathematics disorder
Disorder of written expression
Learning disorder not otherwise specified

29
Q

Percentage of school aged children with dyslexia

A

4%

30
Q

Tools used to measure reading ability

A

Weschler Objective Reading Dimension (WORD)
Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE)
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

31
Q

Percentage of school aged children with disorder of written expression

A

2-8%

32
Q

Prevalence of stuttering in the general population

A

1%

33
Q

Peak age of onset of stuttering

A

5

34
Q

Percentage of children with stuttering who do not stutter by adulthood

A

50-80%

35
Q

Environmental risk factors for development of autism

A

Premature birth
Perinatal hypoxia
Maternal vitamin D deficiency
High paternal age
Maternal valproate exposure
Maternal obesity
Birthweight <1500g
Maternal SSRI use

36
Q

Common comorbidities among children who stutter

A

Social anxiety
School refusal
Other anxiety symptoms

37
Q

Most common psychiatric comorbidities of Asperger’s syndrome

A

Depression
Anxiety

38
Q

Type of learning disorder most common in females

A

Developmental learning disorder with impairment in mathematics

39
Q

Percentage of children with reading difficulties

A

5%

40
Q

Percentage of children with autism who have ADHD

A

30-50%

41
Q

Element of autism spectrum disorder which does not change over time despite intervention

A

Ritualistic and repetitive behaviours

42
Q

Developmental disorder where irregular respiration is a common complication

A

Rett syndrome

43
Q

Male:female ratio of Asperger’s syndrome

A

9:1

44
Q

Sex predominance for dyslexia

A

Male

45
Q

Comorbid condition most often found alongside dyslexia

A

ADHD

46
Q

Concordance rate of autism in MZ twins

A

60%

47
Q

Most common type of seizures seen in autism

A

Tonic clonic

48
Q

Percentage of children with autism who have epilepsy

A

22%

49
Q

Sex predominance for seizures in autism

A

Female

50
Q

Age at which seizures in autism usually start

A

> 10 years old

51
Q

Ability common in autism where people are able to recognise repeating patterns easily in stimuli

A

Hypersystemisation

52
Q

Symptom often seen in autism where people are able to describe individual parts of an object but not see it as a whole

A

Central coherence theory

53
Q

Male:female ratio of reading difficulties

A

2:1

54
Q

Type of empathy more usually impaired in autism spectrum disorder

A

Cognitive empathy

55
Q

Percentage of people with ASD who have a learning disability

A

30%

56
Q

f

A

7. Child and adolescent psychiatry (9 decks)

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