Developmental (CONTEMPORARY) - moral development - LEE

Question 1

western cultures are

Answer 1

individualistic

Question 2

eastern cultures are

Answer 2

sociocultural

Question 3

western cultures

Answer 3

self promotion is thought to enhance self esteem so is encouraged in schools and the concept of white lies is tolerated whilst lying is not encouraged

Question 4

eastern cultures

Answer 4

taught not to brag about personal achievement including high marks and not to seek praise and emphasize their their strengths too much and promote personal sacrifice for the social good

Question 5

aim

Answer 5

investigate cross cultural differences in children’s understanding and moral valuations including lying and truth telling, prosocial and antisocial situations

Question 6

sample

Answer 6

120 chinese children recruited from elementary schools in Hangzhou
40 7yr olds
40 9 yr olds
40 11 yr olds
108 Canadian children recruited from elementary schools in Fredericton Canada
36 7 yr old’s
40 9 yr old’s
32 11 yr old’s

Question 7

research method

Answer 7

lab experiment using independent measures design

Question 8

independent variables

Answer 8

1. whether child was chinese or canadian
2. whether child was 7, 9, 11
3. whether participant heard social stories or the physical stories

Question 9

physical stories and social stories

Answer 9

physical - involved child committing an act either good/bad towards some object or place
social - involved child committing act bad/good towards another child

Question 10

four story types

Answer 10

1. prosocial behaviour/truth telling stories
2. prosocial behaviour/lie telling stories
3. antisocial behaviour/truth telling stories
4. antisocial behaviour/lie telling stories

Question 11

how many conditions created

Answer 11

12

Question 12

two questions children had to answer

Answer 12

1. is what X did good or naughty
2. is what X said to their teacher good or naughty

Question 13

describe rating scale

Answer 13

7 point rating scale with very very good at one end and very very naughty at the other and neither in the middle

Question 14

dependent variables

Answer 14

1. rating given to the story character’s deed
2. rating given to what the character said

Question 15

why can this study be classed as repeated measures

Answer 15

participants read 4 scenarios (two prosocial and two antisocial) and asked to apply same rating scale to both characters deed and its response in each story means the study had elements of repeated measures design in it

Question 16

procedure

Answer 16

children randomly assigned to one condition - physical or social. Th meaning of each symbol on the rating scale was repeated every time a question was askedWords good and naught were altered in the two questions so some participants heard scale going up whilst others down. To control for order effects for each condition two orders of the four stories were first determined using a randomization table. Half the participants in each condition were read the stories in one predetermined order and the other half were read them in the other order. Post experimental discussions were conducted with the children to gather qualitative data

Question 17

how results were gathered

Answer 17

participants ratings were converted into scale e.g very very good=3pts very good= 2pts and so on
every good deed had positive score and every bad deed had a negative score

Question 18

prosocial behavior/truth telling situations

Answer 18

children of both cultures rated prosocial behaviors similarly meaning there was no significant differences
canadian children at each age gave similarly positive ratings to truth telling whereas chinese childrens ratings became less positive as age increased

Question 19

prosocial behavior/lie telling situations

Answer 19

overall, children from two cultures rated prosocial behaviors similarly positively across age groups
canadian children rated lie telling in this situation negatively but as age increased ratings became less negative
chineses childrens ratings of lie telling in this situation changed from negative to positive as age increased

Question 20

antisocial behavior/truth telling situations

Answer 20

children from both cultures rated antisocial behaviors similary
children from both cultures rated truth telling in this situation very positively

Question 21

antisocial behavior/lie telling situations

Answer 21

results were sinificant
7yr old chinese rated antisocial behavior towards a person more negatively that antisocial behavior towards some physical object
7yr old canadians rated antisocial behavior towards a physical object more negatively than the antisocial behavior towards a person
both chinese and canadian rated lie telling negatively in this condition
overall negative rating increased with age irrespecive of culture
chinese 7yr olds rated lie telling less negatively than older children in the physical story whereas canadian 7yr olds rated lie telling less negatively than older children in the social story condition

Question 22

post experimental discussions

Answer 22

children asked why given ratings they had. Chinese suggested they gave negative ratings in truth telling scenarios as child seemed to be begging or wanting praise

Question 23

findings

Answer 23

children from both cultures rated truth telling i anti social/truth telling situations very positively and lie telling very negatively concluding that both chinese and canadian children show similar moral evaluations of lie telling and truth telling related to anti social behaviors
in the prosocial lie condition at age 11 Canadian children rated lie telling negatively whereas Canadian children at age 11 rated the lie more positively concluding that moral development is affected by culture/the social environment in which individuals are socialized