Developmental Biomechanics

Question 1

Wolfs law

Answer 1

mechanical stresses can modulate bone shape and internal architecture

Question 2

when does skeletal ossification occur

Answer 2

3-25 years

Question 3

newborns have a anterior/posterior tilt

Answer 3

posterior tilt

Question 4

what age does the posterior tilt changes to more of an anterior tilt?

Answer 4

3-5 ages

Question 5

Most adults have a normal anterior til of what

Answer 5

8-13 males
10-22 females

Question 6

Coxa valga

Answer 6

increased angle of inclination greater than 135

Question 7

Normal femoral neck angle of inclination

Answer 7

125

Question 8

coxa vara

Answer 8

decreased angle of inclination less than 125

Question 9

Do children have coxa valga or coxa vara

Answer 9

Coxa valga at 1 year declines at year 4

Question 10

greater hip medial rotation compared to lateral rotation is suspect for _______ femoral anteversion

Answer 10

increased

Question 11

what are the norms for medial rotation at 1 year and 5 years

Answer 11

20-40 degrees (1 year)
30-50 degrees (5 years)

Question 12

what are the norms for lateral rotation at 1 year and 5 years

Answer 12

50-80 degrees (1 year)
30-50 degrees (5 years)

Question 13

Do newborns typically have more medial rotation or lateral rotation

Answer 13

lateral rotation

Question 14

Anteverted hip will lead to what at the foot

Answer 14

toeing in pigeon toes

Question 15

Retroverted hip will lead to what at the foot

Answer 15

toeing out duck feet

Question 16

Craigs test is used to measure what

Answer 16

femoral anteversion

Question 17

If the newborn has a high degree of femoral antetorsion why do they appear laterally rotated at the hip?

Answer 17

soft tissue contracture in hip flexion, lateral rotation
infants have more lateral hip rotation than medial
retroverted and shallow acetabulum

Question 18

How does the acetabular shelf form and femoral ateversion decrease

Answer 18

muscle tension and weight bearing

Activities that apply hip extension, rotation and abduction force

newborn: kicking, 4 point, crawling, standing

Question 19

Anteversion improves with time and reaches the peak of improvement possibly around the age of _____

Answer 19

6 years

Question 20

What activities could you encourage a child to do to promote use of external rotators

Answer 20

scootering
rollerblading
ice skating

Question 21

3 year olds have typically knee valgus or varus

Answer 21

valgus knock kneed

Question 22

How do you measure the knee varus/valgus (tibiofemoral angle)

Answer 22

flex and extend both knees in frontal plane and measure the space between the malleoli

Question 23

the intramalleolar space should increase/decrease from birth to 9 years?

Answer 23

no space varus
3-5 large valgus
5 to adult small moderate varus

Question 24

What is the foot progression angle

Answer 24

angle between the longitudinal axis of the foot and the line of progression of gait

Question 25

a negative value on foot progression angle is typical/atypical

Answer 25

not typical

Question 26

Tibial torsion

Answer 26

is rare the rotation is a problem except in diseases like blounts disease

Question 27

what is typical transmalleolar axis

Answer 27

with knee in frontal plane, medial malleoli typically rotated more forward than lateral

Question 28

What is the tibio-femoral rotation

Answer 28

range of movement that occurs in the transverse plane at the knee joint

often confused with tibial torsion

Question 29

What can we do to de-rotate at the hip/knee

Answer 29

twister straps
theratogs

Question 30

What is the clinical presentation of someone with a flat foot

Answer 30

decreased arch height in standing
lateral forefoot deviation
often genu valgus
confusion of medial fat pad for collapsed navicular
associated with hypotonia, ligamentous laxity and sensory seekers

Question 31

When is typical arch development

Answer 31

between 2-6 years of age

Question 32

Treatment of flat foot

Answer 32

younger patients
-generally not necessary to treat
-shoe inserts generally not beneficial
-shoes with arches and firm counter help decrease number of shoe purchased
-working on improving lower trunk and proximal hip strength

Question 33

What are 4 possible reasons for in-toing

Answer 33

hip: increased femoral antiversion 5-6 year olds

knee: toddlers
increased tibial torsion - rare
increased axial tibio-femoral rotation- w sitting

Foot: metatarsus adductus: babies

Question 34

Babies hypothesis for in toeing

Answer 34

metatarsus adductus

Question 35

toddler/preschooler hypothesis for in toeing

Answer 35

knee increased axial tibiofemoral rotation

Question 36

school age hypothesis for in toeing

Answer 36

femoral antiversion

Question 37

From birth to early childhood what decreases

Answer 37

foot progression angle
femoral antivesion
calcaneal eversion standing

Question 38

birth to adulthood change in sacral angle

Answer 38

posterior to anterior

Question 39

birth to adulthood change in acetabulum

Answer 39

retroverted to anteverted

Question 40

birth to adulthood change in coxa vera and valga

Answer 40

valga to vera

Question 41

birth to adulthood change in ateversion

Answer 41

decreased from 40 to 8-15

Question 42

hip ER from birth to adulthood

Answer 42

decreased

Question 43

hip flexion birth to adulthood

Answer 43

contracture to full hip extension

Question 44

genu varum to valgum

Answer 44

varum to valgum

Question 45

foot progression angle from birth to adulthood

Answer 45

decreases

Question 46

axial tibiofemoral rotation birth to adulthood

Answer 46

decreases

Question 47

Arch development from birth to adulthood

Answer 47

increases