Developmental approach

Question 1

Bandura - background

learning theories

Answer 1

• bhv is moulded by reinforcement => we do things to avoid unpleasant consequences
• bhv is the response to stimuli in the env => behaviourist psychologists

Question 2

Bandura - background

social learning theory

Answer 2

• learn through observation, when bhv has positive consequences we imitate it
• children imitate models actions
  => SLT has influenced the media and the effect of tv violence on childrens bhv

Question 3

Bandura - background

previous research

Answer 3

Bandura & Hudson

=> children readily imitate bhv demonstrated by an adult role model if the model is present

Question 4

Bandura - aim

Answer 4

to investigate whether learning can occur through observation of a role mode and that imitation of learned behaviour can occur even in the absence of a model

Question 5

Bandura - Research method

Answer 5

Lab experiment 
=> matched participants design 
=> observation 
IV - sex of child & model, bhv of model 
DV - level of aggression shown by kids

Question 6

Bandura - sample

Answer 6

=> 72 children 
=> avg. age 52 months
=> Stanford Uni nursery
=> equal amount of boys and girls 
=> opportunity sample

Question 7

Bandura - matching procedure (exp design)

Answer 7

• kids were pre rated for levels of aggression by nursery teacher and experimenter on 5 point scale
• scale measured physical & verbal aggression, aggression inhibition
• children arranged into triplets and assigned at random to a condition
• inter-rater reli was high between teacher and exp

Question 8

Bandura - procedure in a nutshell

Answer 8

• children went into a room full of toys , played for 1min and then role model showed non / aggressive bhv towards bobo doll & repeated this 3 times
• then all ppts went into a room of attractive toys and after 2 mins the toys were taken away
• then in room 3 children could play for 20 mins and were observed without their knowledge while experimenter was in the room

Question 9

Bandura - results

Answer 9

=> children from aggressive condition showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggression .
=> overall boys were more aggressive than girls
=> male model was more influential than female model

Question 10

Bandura - conclusions

Answer 10

=> shows evident that bhv is learnt via observation (SLT)

=> children will imitate behaviours shown by adult models even if they’re not present

Question 11

Chaney - Background

operant conditioning + prev research

Answer 11

=> OC - learning through consequences of bhvioural responses. bhv thats rewarded likely to be repeated
==> Skinner - + reinforcement of rats: when rewarded with food from a lever they would repeat

Question 12

Chaney - background

medical background

Answer 12

=> rates for compliance of medical regemes for kids was 30 - 70%
=> operant conditioning seen to be effective in medical world

Question 13

Chaney - aim

Answer 13

test whether a funhaler could provide + reinforcement to improve adherence in child asthmatics compared to normal inhalers

Question 14

Chaney - research method

Answer 14

Feld experiment
=> own homes in Perth, AUS
=> repeated measured design
=> self-report used to gather data

IV - standard inhaler, funhaler
DV - amount of adherance

Question 15

Chaney - sample

Answer 15

=> 32 children from Perth
=> 22 male, 10 female
=> all had asthma for avg. 2 years

Question 16

Chaney - funhaler

Answer 16

had a whistle and spinner that made a noise when children take deep breaths

Question 17

Chaney - procedure in a nutshell

Answer 17

• parents contacted on the phone & purpose of the study is explained (informed consent)
• interviewed using closed qaire about child’s usage of inhaler
• given funhaler for 2 week period, used under adult supervision only
• parents were phoned randomly during the 2 weeks and were visited at the end for 2nd Qaire

Question 18

Chaney - results

Answer 18

=> 81% parents medicated child funhaler prev. day, 59% old inhaler
=> 30% more children took recommended 4 deep breaths with funhaler

Question 19

Chaney - conclusions

Answer 19

• operant conditioning is useful for managing medical regimes
• self-reinforcement strategies can improved health of kids

Question 20

Kohlberg - background

prev. research

Answer 20

• Piaget => structural approach of moral development
  from Piaget’s research Kohlberg created PIGLSU (development stages)
  => stages are invariant, no stages are skipped , not all ppl reach highest level of moral development

Question 21

Kohlberg - Aim

Answer 21

1. to investigate development of moral reasoning throughout adolescence and early adulthood
2. asses the extent to which these changes hold true in a range of cultural contexts .

Question 22

Kohlberg - sample

Answer 22

• 75 American boys
• aged 10 - 16
• followed every 3 years until ages 22 - 28
  => also studied in boys from GB, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico & Turkey

Question 23

Kohlberg - Research method

Answer 23

• Longitudinal study following same group of boys for 12 years
• Cross - sectional research conducted in cross cultural study (snapshot)

Question 24

Kohlberg - Procedure in a nutshell

Answer 24

• each boy was presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas every 3 years
• dilemmas determined the stage of moral development they were in
• ppts asked what character should do
  Cross cultural study
  => asked about theft of food

Question 25

Kohlberg - results

Answer 25

=> cross cultural similarity : always passed through the stages invariantly and never went backwards
=> cross cultural difference : at 16, stage 5 was more prevalent in USA than Mexico whcih was reached later in life

Question 26

Kohlberg - conclusions

Answer 26

=> invariant developmental sequence
=> each stage happens one at a time
=> there’s cultural universality of sequence of stages
=> Six stages not sig affected by social, cultural or religious factors. More so by individual diffs.

Question 27

Lee - background

prev. research => Piaget

Answer 27

• involved protagonist having to make decisions on how to act and what to say in different scenarios

=> he found that children don’t use protagonist’s intention as the key factor of moral judgement

Question 28

Lee - background

Prev. research => Wimmer

Answer 28

• disagreed with Piaget
  => found evidence to suggest that children are capable to distinguish lying from other behavioural misdeeds at a young age

Question 29

Lee - background

Prev. research => Sweetser

Answer 29

• lying and truth telling / moral judgement is influence by cultural norms and moral values of a particular society

Question 30

Lee - Aim

Answer 30

• investigate cross-cultural differences in children’s understanding of lying, comparing the responses of Chinese and Canadian kids to stories involving lying and truth telling in pro/antisocial situations

Question 31

Lee - sample

Answer 31

120 Chinese children => aged 7,9 or 11

108 Canadian children => aged 7,9, or 11

Question 32

Lee - research method

Answer 32

Lab experiment

cross cultural = compare Chinese and Canadian
cross sectional = compare ages
=> independent measures design

Question 33

Lee - procedure in a nutshell

Answer 33

• Chinese & Canadian children randomly assigned to social or physical stories
• children read 4 scenarios individually
• instructed about meaning of words and symbols on 7 point rating chart (very good, very naughty)
• asked “was what they did good or naughty” after scenario
• then asked again once they lied/ told the truth

Question 34

Lee - findings

cross cultural

Answer 34

Cross cultural similarity => both cultures rated anti-social bhv similarly.
truth telling / antisocial was very positive

Cross cultural difference => Canadians rated pro-social lie telling -vely and Chinese rated it +vely

Question 35

Lee - findings

cross sectional

Answer 35

Cross sectional diff => Chinese ratings of pro social /lie telling changed from negative to positive as age increased
Canadian ratings of pro social / lie telling negatively but less negatively as age increased

Question 36

Lee - conclusions

Answer 36

1. Moral reasoning can be influenced by culture and society we live in and this is emphasised as we develop through bio stages
2. Emphasis on modesty in Chinese culture increases with age, which are morals that are embedded as they age .