Developmental and social Psychology Flashcards
Jean Piaget Studies _____ Development?
Cognitive
What did Piaget notice between the minds of children and adults?
A child mind is not a miniature adults mind. They are qualitatively different
What did Piaget believe about action and children
Children are active, curious and inventive throughout life
What are schemas In accordance with Piaget’s theory? What are they used for?
Organised patterns of thought and action. Children use to understand and respond to experience
What are the two complimentary ways or schema organisation?
- Assimilation
2. Accomodation
Theorists who believe that children are not actively exploring, will believe that..
Children are passive
What is the process of assimilation
- Fitting new objects or events into and existing context
Modifying a schema to fit new events refers to the process of
Accommodation
What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation in regards to environmental elements
Assimilation is taking in environmental elements and changing self whereas accomodation is changing in response to new environmental elements- changing world
When an object or event doesn’t fit into and existing scheme, this is known as
Accommodation
What are the four stages of cognitive development (Piaget)
- Sensory motor stage
- Pre-operational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
In Piagets stages of theories, children is the pre-operational stage are considered to be what age?
2 - 6/7 years
In Piagets stages of theories, children is the Sensorimotor stage are considered to be what age?
0 - 2 years
What happens in the sensorimotor stage
Child begins to interact with the environment
Understand the world through senses and motor actions
When children learn rules such as conservation, can do classification tasks and logical operations, what stage of Piagets theory are they in? What Age?
Concrete Operational Stage
Age 7 - 11/12 years
When Children begin to represent the world symbolically, was stage of cognitive development is this related to?
Per-operational
In the pre-operational stage in cognitive development, how do children think? What age is this?
Thinking is egocentric and dominated by perception
At what stage of cognitive development do children learn that things occur permanently or exist permanently?
Sensorimotor stage
age 0-2 years
What does perspective taking refer to? What cognitive developmental stage does it link to according to Piget?
Ability to understand another perspective or viewpoint
ages 7/8 (disagreed with now)
What are four things children learn in the Concrete operations stage of cognitive development?
Child learns rules such as conservation
Can do classification tasks
Can do logical operations
Understands reversibility
In questioning Piagets theory, 3-4 year olds are not ____ as thought to be
Egocentric
Beliefs, values and underlying judgments about wrongness of human acts refers to the concept of ..
Moral Development
Which theorist is key to the concept of Moral Development and the social learning theory
Bandura
In regards to the social learning theory, imitation refers to
Children internalising society’s rules by imitating parents and others
Modelling, reinforcement and observational learning are apart of what theory
The social learning theory regarding moral development
What does Bandura assume about parental influence
Children grow up to be like their parental models
eg. dad is murderer, son is murderer
Which two theorists, concerning moral development, focus on cognitive theories?
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
What are Piagets two stages of moral development and their ages?
Heteronomous morality: Age 4-8years
Autonomous Morality: Age 8-adult
The idea that laws and rules are facts, not negotiable or changeable and the outcome of acts being more important is consistent with what stage of moral development?
Heteronomous morality
What are the ideas around autonomous morality
Laws are relative and socially constructed
Intension behind act is most important
Kohlbergs stages of moral development consist of how many stages? How many Levels?
6 stages
3 levels
The example or a husband stealing a drug he could not afford for his dying wife is an example of a …
Which theorist does it relate to
Moral Development
Kohlberg
Does discipline have an effect on moral development? What is the outcome?
No effect on moral development
Outcome can be aggression in children
Baumrind’s Scheme of patently styles includes:
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
An authoritative parenting style is….. and children tend to be ….
direct, final authority
children tend to be socially responsible
Parent who are strict, controlling and absolute: punishment/rewards orientation, have what style of parenting?
Authoritarian
An permissive parenting style is….. and children tend to ….
Accepting, no shaping with few demands and little punishment
Children tend to lack social responsibility
Sigmund Freud studied the theory of…
Psychosexual Development
What is Freuds three views of the human mind (hint: the mental iceberg)
The conscious level
Pre-Conscious level
Unconscious level
The interplay of the intra-psychic and the interpersonal is regarding ___
Freuds psychosexual development
Explain the differences between Id, ego and superego inn regards to Freuds psychosexual development
Id: Satisfied immediately. “I want that right now”
Ego: Balance between. “lets figure out a way to work
together”
Superego: Moral boss. “Good people don’t think about
those thoughts”
What are some examples of the unconscious level regarding Freuds view of the human mind
Violent motives, irrational wishes, selfish needs, immoral urges, fears
Memories and stored knowledge are examples of what level regarding Freuds view of the human mind
Precocious level
what are some examples of the conscious level regarding Freuds view of the human mind
Thoughts, perceptions (other people see)
Freud believed that in dreams, thoughts of the ___ level would often reach the surface
unconscious level
ego and superego are strong enough to prevent thoughts from the ____ from reaching the surface
unconscious level
What are the 5 stages of Freuds psychosexual development? List the ages we go through these stages.
Oral 0-1 years Anal 2-3 years Phaillic 4-5 years Latency 6-12 years Genital Puberty onward
The anal stage of Freuds development consisted of what activities? What was the dominant personalty structure (id, ego or superego)?
Toilet training
Ego development
If the oral stage in life is disturbed by parents being too overprotective about children exploring with the mouth, what are the future outcomes?
Impatience, greediness, dependence, preoccupation with giving/receiving
Smoking, overeating
The oral stage of Freuds development consisted of what activities? What was the dominant personalty structure (id, ego or superego)?
Feeding, thumb sucking, babbling
Id is the dominant personality structure
If the anal stage is disturbed by anal retentiveness (strict), what are the outcomes? What at the outcomes of Anal expulsive (no limits)?
Anal retentive: too much orderliness, cleanliness, hoarding (Jerry)
Anal Expulsive: Messy and uncontrolled (Kramer)
Which stage of freuds psychosexual development is most criticised?
The phallic stage
What occurs at the latency stage of freuds psychosexual development? (refer to interests)
(sexual) Drives become relatively inactive
Suppression of sexual drives followed by resolution of the oedipal/electra phase
Interest redirected to hobbies etc.
What stage of Freuds psychosexual development is regarding focus on genitals?
The phallic stage
What is the disturbance outcomes if the phallic stage is not gone through properly?
Father-fixated/mother-fixated
Neurosis, homosexuality, pedophillia
What is the oedipus complex v.s the electra complex? Which gender are they in relation to?
Oedipus is male boy identifying himself with his mother, notices fathers jealousy and develops “Casration anxiety” Change to father.
Electra is the female unknowingly married the father, develops penis envy and worries about mothers jealousy. Change to mother.
Which theorist studied the theory of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson focussed on the importance of…
cultural and social factors
Erik Ericsson went though a crisis of…
Identity
In Eriksons psychosocial theory, the ego was considered to be..
a positive force in development
How many stages were in Ericksons theory?
8
The first stage. trust vs. mistrust is at what age? What Occurs?
0-1 years
Needs are met by caretaker, focus on oral-sensory activity
At what stage or Ericksons theory is exploration and freedom encouraged, with a focus on muscular-anal activity?
What Age?
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 years
Industry vs. inferiority stage is at what age? What occurs?
Focus on attending competence in meeting challenges, develop a capacity to cooperate and work with others.
age 6-12
What are the favourable and unfavourable outcomes of industry vs. inferiority level?
Favourable: Feelings of mastery, proficiency
Unfavourable: Feelings of failure, inadequacy
What stage is initiative vs. guild? What occurs? What age?
3rd stage ages 3-6years
Testing limits of self assertion, exploring and experimenting
What is the difference between adolescence and puberty
Adolescence: a culturally determined construct
Puberty: a biological phenomenon
What defines adolescence?
The transition from childhood to adulthood
Girls who are early maturers are more likely to… Is it an advantage or disadvantage?
get involved in antisocial or deviant activities
Disadvantage
Boys who are early maturers are…
advantage/ disadvantage?
More popular and have more positive self image
Advantage
Is a late maturer boy disadvantaged or advantaged? Why?
Disadvantaged. They are more childish, less popular, more negative self concept
Is a late maturer girl disadvantaged or advantaged? Why?
Advantaged. Demonstrate better coping skills, more behaviour exploration and social initiative
What is deductive reasoning?
Reasoning from general premises to a specific instance of that premise, followed by a conclusion
What is inductive reasoning?
Reasoning from a specific observation to a general rule. takes account of all evidence.
Formal operations consist of what two types of reasoning
Deductive and inductive reasoning
What age can paradoxes be understood
Adolescences
Abstract reasoning is reasoning to do with
Culture
The highest level of post-formal thought are in some ways very similar to…
Wisdom
What are four ways to define wisdom?
Reconcile differences
Make and accept compromise
Usually include a moral dimension
Grasp paradoxes
The period past the formal operational stage of piagets developmental theory is known as
Post-formal thought and wisdom
During adolescence, sexual instinct is directed at ____
heterosexual pleasure not self pleasure (Phallic stage)
If people are fixated on the oral stage, what is the effect?
Sexual pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex
Does erikson believe we switch between our identities stick to our single/one identity?
Switch between many
Individualisation is the process of…
gradually increasing autonomy and self-directedness
In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you commit and explore, this leads to..
Achievement
In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you explore but don’t commit this leads to..
moratorium
In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you commit but don’t explore this leads to
foreclosure
In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if yay don’t commit, or explore, this leads to
diffusion
Weak self concept, less autonomous and believing in instructors is a result of what identity pattern?
Foreclosure (not exploring but committing)
People who achieve have what kind of positive qualities in regards to the identity pattern?
Autonomous, creative, strong self concept, resist peer pressure and less self- conscious
When people don’t explore, what is the consequence?
Diffusion: Incomplete sense of self, problems in work and achieving activities
Foreclosure: Reduced period of exploration and adapted roles by parents or authority figures
What is a negative identity?
Selection of identities undesirable to parents or community
What are the three adolescent worlds in which people act differently
Home, school, peers
Selmens stages in conceptions of friendships proceed from stage __ to stage __
0 - 4
Grouping people by style is considered to be one of the
youth subcultures
Why do we make attributions?
Strong need to understand/ make sense of events, experiences, behaviours and actions
what type of attribution is made when something within the person is observed?
Internal attribution
What is external attribution
Something caused by something outside the person we observe
How are our success/failures explained?
Interval/external
Stable/unstable
What are the three concepts related to biases in attributions?
Actor-observer bias
Self-Serving bias
Defence attributions
in actor-server bias we
attribute behaviour of other to internal trait but our own behaviour to external
What are the four concepts regarding cognitive bias’s?
Distort the perception of ones behaviour relative to others
Comparative optimism
False consensus
False polarisation
Conformity is the tendency to
follow others in attitudes or behaviours
When are the four situations people conform?
When people are unsure of a situation
When people are of low group status
When people lack information
When the behaviour is public
What are positive aspects of conformity?
Allow individuals to feel connected
Society “runs” more smoothly
What are negative aspects of conformity?
Suppress critical thinking
Can lead to destructive behaviours if others do it
when people result to hesitation in order to preserve solidarity, this is known as
groupthink
what is group polarisation?
Group discussion causes members to shift to more extreme positions
What are the three compliance techniques
Food in the door
Door in the face
Low ball
When direct commands are followed, this is known as
obedience, a form of compliance
In experiments, when a teacher can see the learner, the teacher has to hold the hand to the shock plate or the experimenter leaves, all cause a reduction in
obedience
