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BIOL1900 > Developmental and social Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental and social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Jean Piaget Studies _____ Development?

A

Cognitive

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2
Q

What did Piaget notice between the minds of children and adults?

A

A child mind is not a miniature adults mind. They are qualitatively different

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3
Q

What did Piaget believe about action and children

A

Children are active, curious and inventive throughout life

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4
Q

What are schemas In accordance with Piaget’s theory? What are they used for?

A

Organised patterns of thought and action. Children use to understand and respond to experience

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5
Q

What are the two complimentary ways or schema organisation?

A
  1. Assimilation

2. Accomodation

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6
Q

Theorists who believe that children are not actively exploring, will believe that..

A

Children are passive

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7
Q

What is the process of assimilation

A
  • Fitting new objects or events into and existing context
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8
Q

Modifying a schema to fit new events refers to the process of

A

Accommodation

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9
Q

What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation in regards to environmental elements

A

Assimilation is taking in environmental elements and changing self whereas accomodation is changing in response to new environmental elements- changing world

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10
Q

When an object or event doesn’t fit into and existing scheme, this is known as

A

Accommodation

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11
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development (Piaget)

A
  1. Sensory motor stage
  2. Pre-operational Stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal Operational Stage
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12
Q

In Piagets stages of theories, children is the pre-operational stage are considered to be what age?

A

2 - 6/7 years

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13
Q

In Piagets stages of theories, children is the Sensorimotor stage are considered to be what age?

A

0 - 2 years

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14
Q

What happens in the sensorimotor stage

A

Child begins to interact with the environment

Understand the world through senses and motor actions

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15
Q

When children learn rules such as conservation, can do classification tasks and logical operations, what stage of Piagets theory are they in? What Age?

A

Concrete Operational Stage

Age 7 - 11/12 years

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16
Q

When Children begin to represent the world symbolically, was stage of cognitive development is this related to?

A

Per-operational

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17
Q

In the pre-operational stage in cognitive development, how do children think? What age is this?

A

Thinking is egocentric and dominated by perception

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18
Q

At what stage of cognitive development do children learn that things occur permanently or exist permanently?

A

Sensorimotor stage

age 0-2 years

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19
Q

What does perspective taking refer to? What cognitive developmental stage does it link to according to Piget?

A

Ability to understand another perspective or viewpoint

ages 7/8 (disagreed with now)

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20
Q

What are four things children learn in the Concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

A

Child learns rules such as conservation

Can do classification tasks

Can do logical operations

Understands reversibility

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21
Q

In questioning Piagets theory, 3-4 year olds are not ____ as thought to be

A

Egocentric

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22
Q

Beliefs, values and underlying judgments about wrongness of human acts refers to the concept of ..

A

Moral Development

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23
Q

Which theorist is key to the concept of Moral Development and the social learning theory

A

Bandura

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24
Q

In regards to the social learning theory, imitation refers to

A

Children internalising society’s rules by imitating parents and others

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25
Q

Modelling, reinforcement and observational learning are apart of what theory

A

The social learning theory regarding moral development

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26
Q

What does Bandura assume about parental influence

A

Children grow up to be like their parental models

eg. dad is murderer, son is murderer

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27
Q

Which two theorists, concerning moral development, focus on cognitive theories?

A

Jean Piaget

Lawrence Kohlberg

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28
Q

What are Piagets two stages of moral development and their ages?

A

Heteronomous morality: Age 4-8years

Autonomous Morality: Age 8-adult

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29
Q

The idea that laws and rules are facts, not negotiable or changeable and the outcome of acts being more important is consistent with what stage of moral development?

A

Heteronomous morality

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30
Q

What are the ideas around autonomous morality

A

Laws are relative and socially constructed

Intension behind act is most important

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31
Q

Kohlbergs stages of moral development consist of how many stages? How many Levels?

A

6 stages

3 levels

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32
Q

The example or a husband stealing a drug he could not afford for his dying wife is an example of a …
Which theorist does it relate to

A

Moral Development

Kohlberg

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33
Q

Does discipline have an effect on moral development? What is the outcome?

A

No effect on moral development

Outcome can be aggression in children

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34
Q

Baumrind’s Scheme of patently styles includes:

A

Authoritative

Authoritarian

Permissive

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35
Q

An authoritative parenting style is….. and children tend to be ….

A

direct, final authority

children tend to be socially responsible

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36
Q

Parent who are strict, controlling and absolute: punishment/rewards orientation, have what style of parenting?

A

Authoritarian

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37
Q

An permissive parenting style is….. and children tend to ….

A

Accepting, no shaping with few demands and little punishment

Children tend to lack social responsibility

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38
Q

Sigmund Freud studied the theory of…

A

Psychosexual Development

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39
Q

What is Freuds three views of the human mind (hint: the mental iceberg)

A

The conscious level
Pre-Conscious level
Unconscious level

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40
Q

The interplay of the intra-psychic and the interpersonal is regarding ___

A

Freuds psychosexual development

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41
Q

Explain the differences between Id, ego and superego inn regards to Freuds psychosexual development

A

Id: Satisfied immediately. “I want that right now”
Ego: Balance between. “lets figure out a way to work
together”
Superego: Moral boss. “Good people don’t think about
those thoughts”

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42
Q

What are some examples of the unconscious level regarding Freuds view of the human mind

A

Violent motives, irrational wishes, selfish needs, immoral urges, fears

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43
Q

Memories and stored knowledge are examples of what level regarding Freuds view of the human mind

A

Precocious level

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44
Q

what are some examples of the conscious level regarding Freuds view of the human mind

A

Thoughts, perceptions (other people see)

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45
Q

Freud believed that in dreams, thoughts of the ___ level would often reach the surface

A

unconscious level

46
Q

ego and superego are strong enough to prevent thoughts from the ____ from reaching the surface

A

unconscious level

47
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freuds psychosexual development? List the ages we go through these stages.

A 
Oral    0-1 years
Anal   2-3 years
Phaillic   4-5 years
Latency   6-12 years
Genital   Puberty onward
48
Q

The anal stage of Freuds development consisted of what activities? What was the dominant personalty structure (id, ego or superego)?

A

Toilet training

Ego development

49
Q

If the oral stage in life is disturbed by parents being too overprotective about children exploring with the mouth, what are the future outcomes?

A

Impatience, greediness, dependence, preoccupation with giving/receiving
Smoking, overeating

50
Q

The oral stage of Freuds development consisted of what activities? What was the dominant personalty structure (id, ego or superego)?

A

Feeding, thumb sucking, babbling

Id is the dominant personality structure

51
Q

If the anal stage is disturbed by anal retentiveness (strict), what are the outcomes? What at the outcomes of Anal expulsive (no limits)?

A

Anal retentive: too much orderliness, cleanliness, hoarding (Jerry)
Anal Expulsive: Messy and uncontrolled (Kramer)

52
Q

Which stage of freuds psychosexual development is most criticised?

A

The phallic stage

53
Q

What occurs at the latency stage of freuds psychosexual development? (refer to interests)

A

(sexual) Drives become relatively inactive
Suppression of sexual drives followed by resolution of the oedipal/electra phase
Interest redirected to hobbies etc.

54
Q

What stage of Freuds psychosexual development is regarding focus on genitals?

A

The phallic stage

55
Q

What is the disturbance outcomes if the phallic stage is not gone through properly?

A

Father-fixated/mother-fixated

Neurosis, homosexuality, pedophillia

56
Q

What is the oedipus complex v.s the electra complex? Which gender are they in relation to?

A

Oedipus is male boy identifying himself with his mother, notices fathers jealousy and develops “Casration anxiety” Change to father.

Electra is the female unknowingly married the father, develops penis envy and worries about mothers jealousy. Change to mother.

57
Q

Which theorist studied the theory of psychosocial development?

A

Erik Erikson

58
Q

Erik Erikson focussed on the importance of…

A

cultural and social factors

59
Q

Erik Ericsson went though a crisis of…

A

Identity

60
Q

In Eriksons psychosocial theory, the ego was considered to be..

A

a positive force in development

61
Q

How many stages were in Ericksons theory?

A

8

62
Q

The first stage. trust vs. mistrust is at what age? What Occurs?

A

0-1 years

Needs are met by caretaker, focus on oral-sensory activity

63
Q

At what stage or Ericksons theory is exploration and freedom encouraged, with a focus on muscular-anal activity?
What Age?

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

1-3 years

64
Q

Industry vs. inferiority stage is at what age? What occurs?

A

Focus on attending competence in meeting challenges, develop a capacity to cooperate and work with others.
age 6-12

65
Q

What are the favourable and unfavourable outcomes of industry vs. inferiority level?

A

Favourable: Feelings of mastery, proficiency
Unfavourable: Feelings of failure, inadequacy

66
Q

What stage is initiative vs. guild? What occurs? What age?

A

3rd stage ages 3-6years

Testing limits of self assertion, exploring and experimenting

67
Q

What is the difference between adolescence and puberty

A

Adolescence: a culturally determined construct
Puberty: a biological phenomenon

68
Q

What defines adolescence?

A

The transition from childhood to adulthood

69
Q

Girls who are early maturers are more likely to… Is it an advantage or disadvantage?

A

get involved in antisocial or deviant activities

Disadvantage

70
Q

Boys who are early maturers are…

advantage/ disadvantage?

A

More popular and have more positive self image

Advantage

71
Q

Is a late maturer boy disadvantaged or advantaged? Why?

A

Disadvantaged. They are more childish, less popular, more negative self concept

72
Q

Is a late maturer girl disadvantaged or advantaged? Why?

A

Advantaged. Demonstrate better coping skills, more behaviour exploration and social initiative

73
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Reasoning from general premises to a specific instance of that premise, followed by a conclusion

74
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Reasoning from a specific observation to a general rule. takes account of all evidence.

75
Q

Formal operations consist of what two types of reasoning

A

Deductive and inductive reasoning

76
Q

What age can paradoxes be understood

A

Adolescences

77
Q

Abstract reasoning is reasoning to do with

A

Culture

78
Q

The highest level of post-formal thought are in some ways very similar to…

A

Wisdom

79
Q

What are four ways to define wisdom?

A

Reconcile differences
Make and accept compromise
Usually include a moral dimension
Grasp paradoxes

80
Q

The period past the formal operational stage of piagets developmental theory is known as

A

Post-formal thought and wisdom

81
Q

During adolescence, sexual instinct is directed at ____

A

heterosexual pleasure not self pleasure (Phallic stage)

82
Q

If people are fixated on the oral stage, what is the effect?

A

Sexual pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex

83
Q

Does erikson believe we switch between our identities stick to our single/one identity?

A

Switch between many

84
Q

Individualisation is the process of…

A

gradually increasing autonomy and self-directedness

85
Q

In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you commit and explore, this leads to..

A

Achievement

86
Q

In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you explore but don’t commit this leads to..

A

moratorium

87
Q

In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if you commit but don’t explore this leads to

A

foreclosure

88
Q

In regards to Marcia’s identity patterns, if yay don’t commit, or explore, this leads to

A

diffusion

89
Q

Weak self concept, less autonomous and believing in instructors is a result of what identity pattern?

A

Foreclosure (not exploring but committing)

90
Q

People who achieve have what kind of positive qualities in regards to the identity pattern?

A

Autonomous, creative, strong self concept, resist peer pressure and less self- conscious

91
Q

When people don’t explore, what is the consequence?

A

Diffusion: Incomplete sense of self, problems in work and achieving activities
Foreclosure: Reduced period of exploration and adapted roles by parents or authority figures

92
Q

What is a negative identity?

A

Selection of identities undesirable to parents or community

93
Q

What are the three adolescent worlds in which people act differently

A

Home, school, peers

94
Q

Selmens stages in conceptions of friendships proceed from stage __ to stage __

A

0 - 4

95
Q

Grouping people by style is considered to be one of the

A

youth subcultures

96
Q

Why do we make attributions?

A

Strong need to understand/ make sense of events, experiences, behaviours and actions

97
Q

what type of attribution is made when something within the person is observed?

A

Internal attribution

98
Q

What is external attribution

A

Something caused by something outside the person we observe

99
Q

How are our success/failures explained?

A

Interval/external

Stable/unstable

100
Q

What are the three concepts related to biases in attributions?

A

Actor-observer bias
Self-Serving bias
Defence attributions

101
Q

in actor-server bias we

A

attribute behaviour of other to internal trait but our own behaviour to external

102
Q

What are the four concepts regarding cognitive bias’s?

A

Distort the perception of ones behaviour relative to others
Comparative optimism
False consensus
False polarisation

103
Q

Conformity is the tendency to

A

follow others in attitudes or behaviours

104
Q

When are the four situations people conform?

A

When people are unsure of a situation
When people are of low group status
When people lack information
When the behaviour is public

105
Q

What are positive aspects of conformity?

A

Allow individuals to feel connected

Society “runs” more smoothly

106
Q

What are negative aspects of conformity?

A

Suppress critical thinking

Can lead to destructive behaviours if others do it

107
Q

when people result to hesitation in order to preserve solidarity, this is known as

A

groupthink

108
Q

what is group polarisation?

A

Group discussion causes members to shift to more extreme positions

109
Q

What are the three compliance techniques

A

Food in the door
Door in the face
Low ball

110
Q

When direct commands are followed, this is known as

A

obedience, a form of compliance

111
Q

In experiments, when a teacher can see the learner, the teacher has to hold the hand to the shock plate or the experimenter leaves, all cause a reduction in

A

obedience

BIOL1900 (3 decks)

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