Anatomy/kinanthropometry lectures Flashcards
What is anthropometry?
Science of measurement of size, composition and proportion of human body
What is Kinanthropometry?
Scientific specialisation with application to movement
What is allometry?
Study of relationship of the body size to shape, anatomy physiology, function
In regards to allometry, the relationship between two measures is expressed as a power law:
y = Ax^a
where a = scaling point
Strength in relation to body mass shows curvilinear relation suggesting need for allometric scaling. What is the power?
2/3 or a=0.67
Mass goes up by 3
Strength goes up by 2
What do the following systems consist of:
Skeletal System
Muscular system
Auricular system
bones
skeletal muscles
joints
Do bones have a high or low compression strength? __mPa?
Relatively high
170MPa
What can be said about bones and tensile strength? __MPa?
Low
100-120MPa
What can be said about bones and shear stress strength? __MPa?
Very low
50MPa
Order the following by weakest to strongest
Bone tensile strength
Bone shear stress strength
Bone compassion strength
Bone shear stress strength
Bone Tensile strength
Bone compression strength
Oestrogen imbalance for females can cause
lower bone strength
Bone stress fractures occur due to
Cumulative micro damage
Excessive training / inadequate recovery
What is a greenstick fracture? At what age are they most common?
Children
Occur due to young, soft bone which are less brittle
What is he percentage of bone mineral content between adults and children
Children 61%
Adults 66%
Minerals make bones “stiffer” or more….
Calcified
When is the peak age for fractures
Just before or around peak of puberty
Fractures at the distal end of bone radius are known as ___ fractures
Collies
Why are bones of children less dense?
The body can’t keep up with peak height velocity growth. Bone density isn’t filling. Relative bone weakness
The temporal period of relative skeletal weakness is caused by
dissociation between timing of peak linear growth and peak bone mineral acquisition
What controls the development of scapula body and glenoid
Different genes and environmental factors
The glenoid is under control of what gene?
Hoxe6 gene
Is it normal to have different glenoid orientation? What is the risk?
Yes, in many cases.
The different movement/range of motion increases the risk of dislocation
Do bones mature at different times?
Yes
Are all bones fused at birth?
No
When does the femur fuse for males and females?
For females - 16-17 years
For males - 17-18 years
what age are we when hips fuse?
4-8 years old
The femoral angle of inclination in adults is? in children is?
120 degrees for adults
140-150 degrees for children
What is the femoral angle
Angle between head of femur and the shaft
Increasing / decreasing bone mass can be altered by
Increasing / decreasing load
Heavy (excessive) intensity weight bearing will have what effect on bone strength? Why?
No change/ decrease in bone strength
No enough time to rest, bone breaks down
High intensity, non weight bearing activity has what effect on bone strength?
No effect
No leading, need gravity
Moderate intensity weight bearing has what effect on bone strength?
Increase of bone
Normal daily living (weight bearing) has what effect on bone strength? Why?
Maintenance
Skeletal system adapts to what is normal
What is the effect of immobilisation on bone strength?
Loss of bone
At what point is there maximum value for skeletal development loading?
Puberty / adolescence
Research has shown that with elite athletes, earlier loading has resulted in what effect on bone mineral content?
Increased bone mineral content for future
Why do swimmers have below normal bone mineral density at the hip?
No loading in the hips
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206
How many bones do humans have at birth?
About 270
How many muscles in the human body?
650-700
Hand and feet contain about ___% of bones in the human skeleton
50%
The longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body is the
femur
The femur is __% if height
25%
The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?
126
What is the primary role of bones in the appendicular Skelton?
Movement levers
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
What is the primary role of bones in the axial Skelton?
Support and protection
Typically, the “inner” bones refer to the ___ skeleton and the “outer” bones refer to the ___skeleton
Inner - axial
Outer - appendicular
Flat or irregular bones are classified as
axial skeleton
Long and short bones are classed as
appendicular skeleton
In regards to bone type, cortical (compact) is __% of the skeleton and cancellous (trabecular) is __% of the skeleton
Cortical 80%
Cancellous 50%
Losing trabecular bone results in
osteoporosis
The mechanical functions of bone include
Levers
Support/protection
What are the two metabolic functions of bone
Mineral storage
Blood production
Mineral storage and bone is regarding..
skeletal muscle and nerve conduction
Blood production and bone is regarding..
hemopiesis and cardiovascular function
What happens to sarcomeres when muscles grow in length? Where does this occur?
They are added in series at ends of muscle fibres. Occurs primarily at the muscle-tendon junction
When Muscles decrease in length, what happens to sarcomeres =?
They are subtracted in series
Muscle is about ___% of body mass at birth
25%
As we grow, muscle mass generally increases to almost __% during adulthood
50% almost (About 45)
There is about __% less muscle fibres in old compared to sound adults
25% less
Sarcopenia is
Degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass
After the age of 50, about ___% of muscle mass is lost per year
0.5-1%
Reduction in muscle tissue quality is associated with what kinds of changes?
Fat filtration, increase in fibrosis, muscle metabolism changes, oxidative stress and neuromuscular junction degeneration
Decrease in type II fibre circumference is a result of
Muscle atrophy
There are about ___ skeletal muscles in the human body
650
Appendicular muscles are generally
Long muscles such as limb muscles or “outer”
How many muscles are used to move the fingers and thumb. How many in palm of hand vs. thumb?
35 muscles
17 in palm of hand
18 in thumb
___% of the motor cortex is devoted to muscles of the hands
25%
What are the two fibre orientations
Pennate and Non-Pennate
What are the three parts of a lever
Effort, Fulcrum load
What class lever is most common?
3rd class (effort in middle)
What are the three bone cell types
Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes
Bone forming cells are known as
osteoblasts
What do osteocytes do
Bone mineralisation. Connect osteoblasts and other osteocytes for communication and relate response to mechanical load
Osteoclasts are involved in
Bone resorbing
What are the two MAIN types of bone growth
Endochrondal Ossification and
Appositional Ossification
What is Appositional ossification
Growth in width of long bones
Growth in length of long bones is known as ___ ossification
Endochrondal
Skull bones undergo what type of ossification
Intramembranous
What are joints?
Where two or more bones meet
What are three components of bone joints?
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
The component surrounding joints to help with movement is…
Tendons
What do ligaments do in regards to bone joints?
Attach two bones together
The component lining bone joints to keep steady is known as
Cartilage
When immobilised, what happens to ligaments/ tendons
No loading impact, decrease in size, mechanically weaker
With High intensity training, what happens to ligaments and tendons? Give initial and adaptive responses/ time spans.
Initial response: Size decrease or no change up until 6 weeks
Between six and 12 months, the adaptive response can be increase in size and strength
What is the effect of moderate activity (e.g. endurance) on ligaments and tendons
What was the effect on flexors vs. extensors?
Increase in size
Mechanically stronger
Flexors increased more than extensors
In high intensity weight bearing, what happens to cartilage?
Microtrauma “cracks”
Leads to Degeneration (Osteoarthritis)
What are the three levels of movement between joints. Give example for each.
Immovable (e.g. Skull) Slightly Moveable (e.g. spine, ribs) Freely moveable (e.g. fingers etc.)
What are the four factors that limit joint range of motion. Give percentage of effect for each.
Capsule and ligaments 47%
Muscle’s Fascia 41%
Tendons 10%
Skin 2%
Double-jointedness is not real. What us the reason for increased/unusual movement?
May have loose ligaments and capsules
Is flexibility typically general for all joints?
No. It’s typically joint specific
The brighten flexibility score consists of a __ point clinical scale
9
What are two common joint injuries?
Subluxation and Dislocation
When there is still some articulation between bones remaining, what type of joint injury is this?
Subluxation
What happens when joints are dislocated?
There is no articulation between bones
Ab ankle sprain is an injury in the___ due to___
ligaments
excessive motion or “twisting”
What kind of ankle sprain is the most common
Inversion
What are the four essential features of a synovial joint
- Potential Cavity
- Articular Cartilage
- Fibrous Capsule
- Synovial membrane
What kind of joints have fibrous capsules and potential gaps/ cavities
Synovial Joints
What are the 4 types of synovial joints
Pivot joint
Hinge:
Bi-Axial (saddle joint)
Multi-Axial (Ball and socket)
What synovial joints only allow motion in one plain
Pivot joints
Joints such allow supernation/ pronation are known as…
Pivot joints
Elbow is a good example of a ___ joint
hinge
Hinge joints mostly move in
one plain
Flexion and extension is regarding what type of joints?
Hinge
What joints allow movement in 2 plains (e.g. up/down, side to side) give example.
Bi-axial joints
Fingers
What type of specialised synovial joint is the thumb
Saddle joint
How much movement do multi-axial joints allow?
360 degree motion
What are two types of non-synovial joints? Give examples for each.
Fibrous (e.g. skull)
Fibro-Curlilugenous (e.g. spine)
Fibrous non-synovial joints consist of
fibrous connection between two bones
Fibro-Curlilugenous bones consist of
tough tissue between bones
There are __ articulating vertebrate in the human vertebral column
24
In regards to the spinal column, between birth and 5 years, the typical lumbar vertebrae increases in height by __ times
3
Between the ages of 5 and 13, the lumbar vertebrae increases in height by __%
50%
Regarding the intervertebral disc, the height increases by about 10% between the ages of …
20-70 years
Why do some elderly people shrink with old age
Disks contain water which is “squeezed out”, and bone loss/change in shape.
What kind of appearance does articular cartilage have
Milky, glass-like
The extracellular matrix regarding auricular cartilage is made up of ___-___% of water
70-80%
Can cartilage handle compression well?
Yes, its is very strong
How is friction prevented between two articular cartilage?
Lubricin: Provides lubrication
What are the two KEY functions of articular cartilage
To distribute joints loads over a wide area
Movement of opposing join surfaces with minimal friction
Regarding articular cartilage, why is it good for joint loads to be distributed over wide area?
Decrease stress as the surface area is larger
What are three things that articular cartilage do not contain
Blood vessels
Lymph channels
Nerves
Cartilage injury / degeneration is the primary cause of…
osteoarthritis
How is articular cartilage repaired
There is very limited repair abilities
Chondrocytes are bound in lucunae and can’t migrate to damaged areas
Why is cartilage less resilient with older age
Water content decreases due to reduced proteoglycan content
When cartilage is broken down, is it painful? Why?
Yes
Bone can grate on bone
Tendon (ligament) structures contain
dense connective tissues
Tendons (ligaments) are made up of __% solids and ___% water
30% solids (collagen)
70% water
What is the function of the tendon
to transmit muscle forces and store elastic energy
What is the function of the ligament
mechanical stability and guide of joint motion (in right direction etc.) to prevent excessive motion
