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BIOL1900 > Anatomy/kinanthropometry lectures > Flashcards

Anatomy/kinanthropometry lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

Science of measurement of size, composition and proportion of human body

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2
Q

What is Kinanthropometry?

A

Scientific specialisation with application to movement

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3
Q

What is allometry?

A

Study of relationship of the body size to shape, anatomy physiology, function

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4
Q

In regards to allometry, the relationship between two measures is expressed as a power law:

A

y = Ax^a

where a = scaling point

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5
Q

Strength in relation to body mass shows curvilinear relation suggesting need for allometric scaling. What is the power?

A

2/3 or a=0.67

Mass goes up by 3
Strength goes up by 2

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6
Q

What do the following systems consist of:
Skeletal System
Muscular system
Auricular system

A

bones
skeletal muscles
joints

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7
Q

Do bones have a high or low compression strength? __mPa?

A

Relatively high

170MPa

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8
Q

What can be said about bones and tensile strength? __MPa?

A

Low

100-120MPa

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9
Q

What can be said about bones and shear stress strength? __MPa?

A

Very low

50MPa

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10
Q

Order the following by weakest to strongest
Bone tensile strength
Bone shear stress strength
Bone compassion strength

A

Bone shear stress strength
Bone Tensile strength
Bone compression strength

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11
Q

Oestrogen imbalance for females can cause

A

lower bone strength

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12
Q

Bone stress fractures occur due to

A

Cumulative micro damage

Excessive training / inadequate recovery

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13
Q

What is a greenstick fracture? At what age are they most common?

A

Children

Occur due to young, soft bone which are less brittle

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14
Q

What is he percentage of bone mineral content between adults and children

A

Children 61%

Adults 66%

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15
Q

Minerals make bones “stiffer” or more….

A

Calcified

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16
Q

When is the peak age for fractures

A

Just before or around peak of puberty

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17
Q

Fractures at the distal end of bone radius are known as ___ fractures

A

Collies

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18
Q

Why are bones of children less dense?

A

The body can’t keep up with peak height velocity growth. Bone density isn’t filling. Relative bone weakness

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19
Q

The temporal period of relative skeletal weakness is caused by

A

dissociation between timing of peak linear growth and peak bone mineral acquisition

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20
Q

What controls the development of scapula body and glenoid

A

Different genes and environmental factors

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21
Q

The glenoid is under control of what gene?

A

Hoxe6 gene

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22
Q

Is it normal to have different glenoid orientation? What is the risk?

A

Yes, in many cases.

The different movement/range of motion increases the risk of dislocation

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23
Q

Do bones mature at different times?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Are all bones fused at birth?

A

No

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25
Q

When does the femur fuse for males and females?

A

For females - 16-17 years

For males - 17-18 years

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26
Q

what age are we when hips fuse?

A

4-8 years old

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27
Q

The femoral angle of inclination in adults is? in children is?

A

120 degrees for adults

140-150 degrees for children

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28
Q

What is the femoral angle

A

Angle between head of femur and the shaft

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29
Q

Increasing / decreasing bone mass can be altered by

A

Increasing / decreasing load

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30
Q

Heavy (excessive) intensity weight bearing will have what effect on bone strength? Why?

A

No change/ decrease in bone strength

No enough time to rest, bone breaks down

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31
Q

High intensity, non weight bearing activity has what effect on bone strength?

A

No effect

No leading, need gravity

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32
Q

Moderate intensity weight bearing has what effect on bone strength?

A

Increase of bone

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33
Q

Normal daily living (weight bearing) has what effect on bone strength? Why?

A

Maintenance

Skeletal system adapts to what is normal

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34
Q

What is the effect of immobilisation on bone strength?

A

Loss of bone

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35
Q

At what point is there maximum value for skeletal development loading?

A

Puberty / adolescence

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36
Q

Research has shown that with elite athletes, earlier loading has resulted in what effect on bone mineral content?

A

Increased bone mineral content for future

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37
Q

Why do swimmers have below normal bone mineral density at the hip?

A

No loading in the hips

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38
Q

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

A

206

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39
Q

How many bones do humans have at birth?

A

About 270

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40
Q

How many muscles in the human body?

A

650-700

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41
Q

Hand and feet contain about ___% of bones in the human skeleton

A

50%

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42
Q

The longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body is the

A

femur

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43
Q

The femur is __% if height

A

25%

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44
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

126

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45
Q

What is the primary role of bones in the appendicular Skelton?

A

Movement levers

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46
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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47
Q

What is the primary role of bones in the axial Skelton?

A

Support and protection

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48
Q

Typically, the “inner” bones refer to the ___ skeleton and the “outer” bones refer to the ___skeleton

A

Inner - axial

Outer - appendicular

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49
Q

Flat or irregular bones are classified as

A

axial skeleton

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50
Q

Long and short bones are classed as

A

appendicular skeleton

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51
Q

In regards to bone type, cortical (compact) is __% of the skeleton and cancellous (trabecular) is __% of the skeleton

A

Cortical 80%

Cancellous 50%

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52
Q

Losing trabecular bone results in

A

osteoporosis

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53
Q

The mechanical functions of bone include

A

Levers

Support/protection

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54
Q

What are the two metabolic functions of bone

A

Mineral storage

Blood production

55
Q

Mineral storage and bone is regarding..

A

skeletal muscle and nerve conduction

56
Q

Blood production and bone is regarding..

A

hemopiesis and cardiovascular function

57
Q

What happens to sarcomeres when muscles grow in length? Where does this occur?

A

They are added in series at ends of muscle fibres. Occurs primarily at the muscle-tendon junction

58
Q

When Muscles decrease in length, what happens to sarcomeres =?

A

They are subtracted in series

59
Q

Muscle is about ___% of body mass at birth

A

25%

60
Q

As we grow, muscle mass generally increases to almost __% during adulthood

A

50% almost (About 45)

61
Q

There is about __% less muscle fibres in old compared to sound adults

A

25% less

62
Q

Sarcopenia is

A

Degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass

63
Q

After the age of 50, about ___% of muscle mass is lost per year

A

0.5-1%

64
Q

Reduction in muscle tissue quality is associated with what kinds of changes?

A

Fat filtration, increase in fibrosis, muscle metabolism changes, oxidative stress and neuromuscular junction degeneration

65
Q

Decrease in type II fibre circumference is a result of

A

Muscle atrophy

66
Q

There are about ___ skeletal muscles in the human body

A

650

67
Q

Appendicular muscles are generally

A

Long muscles such as limb muscles or “outer”

68
Q

How many muscles are used to move the fingers and thumb. How many in palm of hand vs. thumb?

A

35 muscles
17 in palm of hand
18 in thumb

69
Q

___% of the motor cortex is devoted to muscles of the hands

A

25%

70
Q

What are the two fibre orientations

A

Pennate and Non-Pennate

71
Q

What are the three parts of a lever

A

Effort, Fulcrum load

72
Q

What class lever is most common?

A 
3rd class
(effort in middle)
73
Q

What are the three bone cell types

A

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes

74
Q

Bone forming cells are known as

A

osteoblasts

75
Q

What do osteocytes do

A

Bone mineralisation. Connect osteoblasts and other osteocytes for communication and relate response to mechanical load

76
Q

Osteoclasts are involved in

A

Bone resorbing

77
Q

What are the two MAIN types of bone growth

A

Endochrondal Ossification and

Appositional Ossification

78
Q

What is Appositional ossification

A

Growth in width of long bones

79
Q

Growth in length of long bones is known as ___ ossification

A

Endochrondal

80
Q

Skull bones undergo what type of ossification

A

Intramembranous

81
Q

What are joints?

A

Where two or more bones meet

82
Q

What are three components of bone joints?

A

Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons

83
Q

The component surrounding joints to help with movement is…

A

Tendons

84
Q

What do ligaments do in regards to bone joints?

A

Attach two bones together

85
Q

The component lining bone joints to keep steady is known as

A

Cartilage

86
Q

When immobilised, what happens to ligaments/ tendons

A

No loading impact, decrease in size, mechanically weaker

87
Q

With High intensity training, what happens to ligaments and tendons? Give initial and adaptive responses/ time spans.

A

Initial response: Size decrease or no change up until 6 weeks

Between six and 12 months, the adaptive response can be increase in size and strength

88
Q

What is the effect of moderate activity (e.g. endurance) on ligaments and tendons
What was the effect on flexors vs. extensors?

A

Increase in size
Mechanically stronger
Flexors increased more than extensors

89
Q

In high intensity weight bearing, what happens to cartilage?

A

Microtrauma “cracks”

Leads to Degeneration (Osteoarthritis)

90
Q

What are the three levels of movement between joints. Give example for each.

A 
Immovable (e.g. Skull)
Slightly Moveable (e.g. spine, ribs)
Freely moveable (e.g. fingers etc.)
91
Q

What are the four factors that limit joint range of motion. Give percentage of effect for each.

A

Capsule and ligaments 47%
Muscle’s Fascia 41%
Tendons 10%
Skin 2%

92
Q

Double-jointedness is not real. What us the reason for increased/unusual movement?

A

May have loose ligaments and capsules

93
Q

Is flexibility typically general for all joints?

A

No. It’s typically joint specific

94
Q

The brighten flexibility score consists of a __ point clinical scale

A

9

95
Q

What are two common joint injuries?

A

Subluxation and Dislocation

96
Q

When there is still some articulation between bones remaining, what type of joint injury is this?

A

Subluxation

97
Q

What happens when joints are dislocated?

A

There is no articulation between bones

98
Q

Ab ankle sprain is an injury in the___ due to___

A

ligaments

excessive motion or “twisting”

99
Q

What kind of ankle sprain is the most common

A

Inversion

100
Q

What are the four essential features of a synovial joint

A
  1. Potential Cavity
  2. Articular Cartilage
  3. Fibrous Capsule
  4. Synovial membrane
101
Q

What kind of joints have fibrous capsules and potential gaps/ cavities

A

Synovial Joints

102
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joints

A

Pivot joint
Hinge:
Bi-Axial (saddle joint)
Multi-Axial (Ball and socket)

103
Q

What synovial joints only allow motion in one plain

A

Pivot joints

104
Q

Joints such allow supernation/ pronation are known as…

A

Pivot joints

105
Q

Elbow is a good example of a ___ joint

A

hinge

106
Q

Hinge joints mostly move in

A

one plain

107
Q

Flexion and extension is regarding what type of joints?

A

Hinge

108
Q

What joints allow movement in 2 plains (e.g. up/down, side to side) give example.

A

Bi-axial joints

Fingers

109
Q

What type of specialised synovial joint is the thumb

A

Saddle joint

110
Q

How much movement do multi-axial joints allow?

A

360 degree motion

111
Q

What are two types of non-synovial joints? Give examples for each.

A

Fibrous (e.g. skull)

Fibro-Curlilugenous (e.g. spine)

112
Q

Fibrous non-synovial joints consist of

A

fibrous connection between two bones

113
Q

Fibro-Curlilugenous bones consist of

A

tough tissue between bones

114
Q

There are __ articulating vertebrate in the human vertebral column

A

24

115
Q

In regards to the spinal column, between birth and 5 years, the typical lumbar vertebrae increases in height by __ times

A

3

116
Q

Between the ages of 5 and 13, the lumbar vertebrae increases in height by __%

A

50%

117
Q

Regarding the intervertebral disc, the height increases by about 10% between the ages of …

A

20-70 years

118
Q

Why do some elderly people shrink with old age

A

Disks contain water which is “squeezed out”, and bone loss/change in shape.

119
Q

What kind of appearance does articular cartilage have

A

Milky, glass-like

120
Q

The extracellular matrix regarding auricular cartilage is made up of ___-___% of water

A

70-80%

121
Q

Can cartilage handle compression well?

A

Yes, its is very strong

122
Q

How is friction prevented between two articular cartilage?

A

Lubricin: Provides lubrication

123
Q

What are the two KEY functions of articular cartilage

A

To distribute joints loads over a wide area

Movement of opposing join surfaces with minimal friction

124
Q

Regarding articular cartilage, why is it good for joint loads to be distributed over wide area?

A

Decrease stress as the surface area is larger

125
Q

What are three things that articular cartilage do not contain

A

Blood vessels
Lymph channels
Nerves

126
Q

Cartilage injury / degeneration is the primary cause of…

A

osteoarthritis

127
Q

How is articular cartilage repaired

A

There is very limited repair abilities

Chondrocytes are bound in lucunae and can’t migrate to damaged areas

128
Q

Why is cartilage less resilient with older age

A

Water content decreases due to reduced proteoglycan content

129
Q

When cartilage is broken down, is it painful? Why?

A

Yes

Bone can grate on bone

130
Q

Tendon (ligament) structures contain

A

dense connective tissues

131
Q

Tendons (ligaments) are made up of __% solids and ___% water

A

30% solids (collagen)

70% water

132
Q

What is the function of the tendon

A

to transmit muscle forces and store elastic energy

133
Q

What is the function of the ligament

A

mechanical stability and guide of joint motion (in right direction etc.) to prevent excessive motion

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