Development theories

Question 1

Rostow (1960)

Answer 1

Economic development model
5 stages of modernisation
Traditional society, pre conditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity and age of mass consumption
Need people in lower stage to have people in stage 5
capitalism fuels wealth gap

Question 2

Ferguson (1999)

Answer 2

Copperbelt theory
critiques modernisation as solution to underdevelopment
using the case study of Zambia

Question 3

Thomas Mann

Answer 3

3 generations
suggests that aspirations have changed as generations evolve, lower value placed on things taken for granted and seek new forms of satisfaction

Question 4

Hayek

Answer 4

Neoliberalism theory
importance in 1970s
market = main actor in economy, can regulate itself and produce greater social prosperity than mercantilism
underpins SAPs

Question 5

Wallerstein (1979)

Answer 5

explains uneven development through a world system
economic growth of rich is at the exploitation of the poor
critiqued for being simplistic, dated and deterministic

Question 6

Frank (1967)

Answer 6

outcome of global capitalism is underdevelopment
capitalism creates core-periphery relationships
core exploit periphery
dependency relationships form
socialist revolution = solutuon

Question 7

Ricardo

Answer 7

economic theory of comparative advantage
differences in places, and territories/individuals strive for greatest cost/efficiency as expansion of capitalism/globalisation
‘race to the bottom’ for exploitation

Question 8

Chang (2007)

Answer 8

Use globalisation to your own advantage, don’t let it control the economy
all developed countries at some point have used protectionist economic measures
China used competition within their own country-regionalism to make their industries competitive
The west tells countries to ‘do that they want, not what they did’
Dark side to development in S. Korea
Lack of democracy
Capital punishment (China)
Poor working conditions
Forced labour

Question 9

Escobar (1995)

Answer 9

post-war development thinker
critiqued western idea supported development
cultural imperialism
development = failure
challenges Said (1978), western orient = dangerous and a way for west to control poor countries to their advantage
solution = local communities address own problems

Question 10

Friere (1970) and Chambers (1997)

Answer 10

Grass-root thinkers
participatory action research = way forward
with use of knowledge from indigenous/local people

Question 11

Hettne (1995)

Answer 11

Development from below
Critiqued previous development efforts for fuelling economic growth without development, subsequently accelerating poverty in many developing c’s

Question 12

Said (1978)

Answer 12

Binary division - West and orient
West dominates authority over orient and depicts them as inferior
emphasises spread of knowledge and impacts of colonialism
manipulation of knowledge that west inflicted

Question 13

Sidaway (2007)

Answer 13

post-development thinker
development = ever-changing concept
critiques past development as flawed due to western ‘orient’
relationship between development and post-colonial and neo-colonial = complex
solution = sustained attention to interactions of enclosure boundaries and subjectivities

Question 14

Sen (1999)

Answer 14

Expansion of freedom = critical to development
State of poverty characterised by at least 1 ‘unfreedom’
Need to freedom of opportunity, not just thoretical rights
Contrasts neo-liberal views where market is key to reducing poverty
Need to enable growing range of freedoms instead of just economic growth

Question 15

Seers (1969)

Answer 15

Development based on economic growth isn’t a good measure of development
Social problems and political upheaval occur at all stages of development
Per capita income can be associated with growing unemployment
Income distribution needs to be taken into account

Question 16

Sidaway (2012)

Answer 16

Identifies U.S with third world qualities
Vulnerability since financial crisis in 2008
Highlights geopolitical and geoeconomic shifts of power
Emerging BRICS
‘Third world’ used to generally, what about NICs? its a complex concept

Question 17

Flint (2001)

Answer 17

critiques Wallersteins WST

Question 18

Potter et al. (1999)

Answer 18

Argues encouraging developing countries to become self-sufficient poses a huge threat on global superpowers

Question 19

List (1841)

Answer 19

‘kicking away the ladder’

Question 20

Brookes (2015)

Answer 20

Crises of capitalism - we depend on system of production that’s principal is profit seeking
Eventually profit increase will slow down
Free trade leads to uneven development and patterns of production and consumption

Question 21

Foucault

Answer 21

Power isn’t just something the rich have over the poor but something that is produced
Communities should be able to produce their own power through bottom-up approaches as opposed to it being forced upon them

Question 22

Castel Branco (2014)

Answer 22

Case study: Mozambique
social losses and private gains
Form of neo-colonialism
Private companies have control over the Mozambican economy and account for 20% of their GDP
Instead of using surplus for domestic development and to alleviate poverty, goes to TNCs