Development Pt. 2

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

emotional tie to another person

• infants can have separation anxiety
• formed because of biological needs and because infants feel comfortable/familiar and responsive

Question 2

What is the cupboard theory?

Answer 2

infants only grow attachment because of food and rewards

Question 3

What are Harlow’s monkeys and its importance?

Answer 3

monkeys were isolated at birth or put into cages with a cloth mother that gave food and a wire mother who gave comfort

they chose the cloth mother instead of the wire mother

• monkeys that were in isolation were socially impaired
• showed that attachments and social development starting from mothers were needed

Question 4

What is the critical period?

Answer 4

time span in which exposure to different experiences/ stimuli allows for proper social development

Question 5

What is imprinting?

Answer 5

process when animals form attachments early in life

Question 6

What can a lack of attachment result in?

Answer 6

risk for attachment problems
- usually will grow up resilient but some may not recover if abused

Question 7

When does stranger anxiety first start in infants?

Answer 7

8 mo

Question 8

What was Ainsworth’s strange situation?

Answer 8

it was an experiment run to understand stranger anxiety and attachment

experiment =
1. parent and infant
2. stranger joins
3. parent leaves
4. parent returns and stranger leaves
5. parent leaves
6. stranger returns
7. parent returns and stranger leaves

Question 9

What are the different attachment styles and their details based on the experiment?

Answer 9

secure (65%)
1. ≠ stressed = explore, look for parents
2. parent leaves = distressed
3. parent returns = seek parent, comforted and returns to exploration

avoidant (23%)
1. ≠ stressed = explore, indifferent to parent
2. parent leaves = less distressed
3. parent returns = avoids and is not comforted

anxious (12%)
1. ≠ stressed = clingy
2. parent leaves = VERY distressed
3. parent returns = seek parent, pushes them away, and is not comforted

Question 10

what were the limitations of Ainsworth’s experiment?

Answer 10

≠ account for genetic differences in temperament + cross cultural differences

Question 11

what is temperament?

Answer 11

an individual’s patterns of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness

Question 12

What are the different parenting styles and the control associated with each?

Answer 12

1. authoritarian = coercive + rules and obedience expected
2. permissive = unrest raining + few demands, limits, and punishment
3. negligent = uninvolved + not demanding or responsive
4. authoritative = demanding and responsive + exert control by rules but encourages open discussion and exceptions

Question 13

What is the transition into adulthood?

Answer 13

period of unsettled phase of life from 18- mid twenties
- no adult responsiblities assumed and independence
- feelings of in between
- may involve being emotionally dependent on parents
- has increased because of extended education and earlier onset of puberty

Question 14

What is late adulthood?

Answer 14

mild physical and cognitive changes when health is good

life satisfaction: stable self esteem -> mellow -> social and emotional connection matters

Question 15

What is the nursing home experiment?

Answer 15

it examined the effects of being in control of daily life on elderly nursing home residents
- responsibility group = arrange room, make complaints, etc
-control group = taken care of by staff

findings
- responsibility = more satisfaction, alertness, and greater improvement

Question 16

What is a terminal drop?

Answer 16

sharp decline in mental functioning in months or years before death

Question 17

How does terminal drop affect one’s grief?

Answer 17

more severe when a loved one’s death is sudden and reaction may vary