DEVELOPMENT PSYCH Flashcards
1
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is the branch of psychology that focuses on how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime
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Developmental psychology
2
Q
- refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he progresses in chronological age.
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Growth
3
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refers to progressive series of changes of an orderly coherent type leading to the individual’s maturation.
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Development
4
Q
Are predictable changes that occur in structure or function over the life span.
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Development
5
Q
Development involves a series of changes that occur in our lives. These changes are both:
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Quantitative
Qualitative
6
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- marked by some measurable amount of something that determines change such as the size of the head, length of the arms and feet.
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Quantitative
7
Q
refers to those that occur in the person’s nature of functioning like achieving efficiency and accuracy in performance such intelligence, speech, psychomotor ability etc.
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Qualitative
8
Q
There are social expectations for every developmental period which are often referred to as ____
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DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
9
Q
refers to the degree to which children maintain their same rank order in comparison to other children with respect to some characteristic.
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Stability
10
Q
refers to the ability to change as a result of experience
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Plasticity
11
Q
pertains to gradual changes in development(quantitative).
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Continuity
12
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-pertains relatively abrupt changes in development (qualitative)
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Discontinuity
13
Q
is concerned with features that all people have in common.
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Normative approach
14
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is concerned with individual differences among people.
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Idiographic approach
15
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Domains of development
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Cognitive
Physical
Socioemotional/Affective
16
Q
- changes in bodily appearance and structure, with changes in bodily activities like motor skills.
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Physical and Psychomotor
17
Q
changes in the thought processes that could affect language, learning abilities, and memory
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Cognitive
18
Q
The development of individual begins at conception. It takes approximately 266 days or 38 weeks to become a fetus to be born
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Prenatal stage
19
Q
Prenatal stage is also known as?
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Gestation period
20
Q
3 phases in Gestation period
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Period of the Ovum/Germinal Stage
Period of the Embryo
Period of the Fetus
21
Q
starts from fertilization to two weeks wherein the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division which result s into a complex organism with rudimentary body parts leading to the next period
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Period of the Ovum/Germinal Stage
22
Q
- begins from the second week to eight weeks. Protective and nurturing organs (umbilical cord and amniotic sac) and major body organs and systems (nervous, respiratory) have become well differentiated.
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Period of the Embryo
23
Q
- covers eight weeks to birth. Rapid growth and changes in body forms are taking place. During this time, the fetus is large enough so that its movements could be observed and felt by the mother.
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Period of the fetus
24
Q
Begins when the child is being BORN. During birth, the fetus faces demands performing the first basic tasks of struggling through a difficult passage from the mother’s womb to be born.
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Postnatal Stage
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2 Periods in postnatal
Infancy
Babyhood
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- covers the first 15-20 minutes after birth, once the umbilical cord has been cut.
Period of the Partunate
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covers the rest of the infancy period up until the end of the second week.
Period of the Neonate
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Is the Shortest of All Developmental Periods
Infancy
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Occupies the first two weeks of the infant's life after being born.
Infancy
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Extends from the 2nd week of infancy up to the 2nd year of life
Babyhood
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Also known as the "Age of helplessness" because the baby is extremely dependent to adult.
Babyhood
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This stage starts from two years to the onset of puberty.
Childhood Stage
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2 parts of childhood stage
Early Childhood stage
Late Childhood stage
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It is also called the "Age of Curiosity" because children are fond of asking questions in exploring their environment. However, it is also regarded as the period of aggression and negativism
Early childhood
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extends from 6 yrs up to the onset of puberty
Late Childhood
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changes in social and emotional aspects of personality.
Socioemotional
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extend from 2yrs to 6 yrs
Early childhood
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FACTORS INFLUENCING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
environmental factors
maternal infection
other factors
genetic causes
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referred as preschool age
early childhood
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labeled as "Smart Age" because children think they know about everything when they talk
Late Childhood
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it is otherwise labeled as the "Gang Stage" since the desire for acceptance and belongingness
Late Childhood
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this stage is called latency period.
Late Childhood
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This stage overlaps the end of childhood and it also touches the early part of adolescence.
Puberty Stage
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It is also known as "Age of Confusion" as well as awkwardness for they do not know whether to behave like a child or like a grown up.
Puberty Stage
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2 stages of Puberty Stage
Pre-pubescence
Post-pubescence
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changes in primary sexual characteristics specifically in reproductive apparatus.
Pre-pubescence
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marked by completion of pubic hair growth, maturation of reproductive organ and development of secondary sex characteristics.
Post-pubescence
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This period extends from thirteen to seventeen years (Teenager or young adolescent) and form 18-24 (Youth or older adolescent)
Adolescent Stage
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Adolescent comes from the Latin word?
Adolescere
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Adoloscere means?
grow into maturity
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It is a transitional period
Adolescent Stage
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It is commonly referred as the "Period of storm and Stress" wherein the individual experience turbulence in his life that causes psychological strain brought about by his preoccupations he is engaged in during the period
Adolescent Stage
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3 parts of Adolescent Stage
Early
Middle
Late
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extends from 21 to 40 years of age wherein the young adult enter a period of adjustments to new patterns of life and to new social expectations.
Early Adulthood
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extends form 40-60 years of age. This is the stage where there is a shift from family-centered relationship to a pair-centered relationship.
Middle Adulthood
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It is also the time when menopause and andropause (climacteric) occurs, thus, both men and woman experienceIt is also the time when menopause and andropause (climacteric) occurs, thus, both men and woman experience mid-life crisis. EMPTY NEST SYNDROME
Middle Adulthood
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extends from 60 onwards. It is otherwise known as the "Age of Senescence" because of some physical and psychological changes leading to a regression to earlier stages.
Late Adulthood or Old Age
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are involuntary movements in response to a stimulus. These are very important to assess as they are indicators of normal brain and nerve development.
Reflexes
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In this developmental stage used logical thinking but with a very limited ability to extend logic to abstract concepts (e.g. the disdain for imaginative and illogical thinking of early childhood.)
Late Childhood
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Young children's understanding of people, objects and situations increases rapidly.
Their concepts become more specific and meaningful to them.
Form ideas based on their perceptions
Can only focus on one variable at a time
Early Childhood-Cognitive
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The bones harden; the height and weight increase at this stage and there is improvement in a child motor development, skill and endurance.
Late Childhood
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Soon after birth the infant loses about 5-10% of birth weight. At 2 weeks of age, the infant begins to regain the weight and by 4 to 6 months, weight is doubled. Infants need to learn how to move and to use their bodies to perform various tasks, a process better known as motor development.
Infancy and Babyhood
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Characterize strong attachment to significant others especially the primary caregiver
Infancy & Babyhood
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• Engage into play activities
Early Childhood
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. Young children play independently beside other children rather than with them.
Parallel play
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Children engage in similar, of identical, activities with other children.
Associative play
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They are a part of the group and interact with group members.
Cooperative play
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Watching other children at play but making no attempt to play with them.
Onlooker
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It is a Gang Age
A stage of socialization of the ego-centric nature of the child. The child's social environment and its functions are widening. Both the classroom and the play ground situations train him how to feel, think and act together with others, share joy and sorrow with them.
Late Childhood
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Young children's understanding of people, objects and situations increases rapidly.
Their concepts become more specific and meaningful to them. Form ideas based on their perceptions
Early Childhood
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Evidence of vocabulary expansion.
Capable of abstract reasoning, critical and logical thinking.
Can solve problems that are more complex and complicated
Adolescent
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Are engage into romantic relationships and social involvement
Adolescent
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At ____, infants respond to calming actions when upset
1 month old
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It is characterized by heighted emotionality. Emotions like love, fear, joy, and anger are experienced by the child just like adult. Children's emotions last only for a few minutes unlike the adults' which may drag on for hours.
Early Childhood
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Complaining what they themselves have or by verbalizing wishes to what other has.
Envy
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The express it by smiling and laughing.
Joy
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Express by crying and by losing interest in their normal activities.
Grief
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They express it physically, by hugging, patting and kissing the object of affection.
Affection
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At this stage discover that expression of emotions, especially the unpleasant emotions, is socially unacceptable to their age-mates.
Late Childhood
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Becoming intimate with a romantic partner
Emotions are somewhat "turbulent".
Has relatively experience "high's" and low's" of emotional state.
Adolescent
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Children age 8 -11 predominantly focused in the needs and wants of themselves, although they have develop a conscience and move from thinking in terms of "what's it in for me "?
Late Childhood
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have psychological as well as physical repercussions, especially such hazards as illness, accidents, and awkwardness.
Early Childhood
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are more associated with a higher risk of impaired decision making ability, being a bully and victim of bullying, engaging in antisocial behaviors, truancy, reporting school displeasure, being unhappy, and lower self-esteem.
Late Childhood
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Sex Inappropriate Body Build: Sometimes girls with masculine body builds and boys with girlish physiques are likely to the rediculed by their peers and pitied by adults.
Adolescent
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is defined as maltreatment, whether habitual or not.
Child abuse
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is perpetuated by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare.
Abuse
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It is based on ADHESIVE principle which means that a response is attached to a stimulus through the stimulus occurring just prior to the response so that the recurrence of the stimulus will evoke or cause the response.
Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
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Organism has to do something in order to get a reward that is, it must operate on its environment
Operant Conditioning -B F Skinner
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Ages birth - 2: the infant uses his senses and motor abilities to understand the world
Sensorimotor
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Ages 2-7: the child uses metal representations of objects and is able to use symbolic thought and language
Pre operation
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Ages 7-11; the child uses logical operations or principles when solving problems
Concrete operation
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Ages 12 up; the use of logical operations in a systematic fashion and with the ability to use abstractions
Formal operation
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Steps in Social Learning:
Attention
Retention
Motoric Reproduction
Reinforcement
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puts emphasis on OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
Albert Bandura
95
eight psychological stages of ego development
trust vs. Mistrust
autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity Vs. Despair
96
Agreed that children are active learners, but knowledge their socially is constructed.
Cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn. Children learn from more expert members of the society.
Vygotsky described the "zone of proximal development", where learning occurs.
Socio-Cultural Theory - Lev Vygotsky
97
Moral development theory
Lawrence kohlberg
98
