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WDAS > Development Opportunities of Asia > Flashcards

Development Opportunities of Asia Flashcards

1
Q

Central Asia

A

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan

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2
Q

Water Disputes

A
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3
Q

Other understandings of Central Asia

A

Many different concepts – depending on geographical and historical issues

5 + Afghanistan + Uyghur region

5 + N Afghanistan + NW China + N Iran + N Pakistan + Kashmir + sometimes also part of Siberia

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4
Q

Central Asia: (size, resources, population…)

A

Vast territory - 23% of the world

Geostrategic position

Mineral wealth - fuels (oil, gas, uranium, coal, tar sands) and metals - Research of new deposits

Transit potential

Mutual dependence on energy (oil, gas, water, …)

Rapidly growing population (the largest

Uzbekistan) - but little in terms of the whole world

A total of about 60 million people (almost half in UZB)

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5
Q

History of CA until the Russian (later Soviet) rule:

A

Common characteristics

• Great importance in the Middle Ages - the Silk Road - the emergence of cities and empires (Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Khiva, Kokand …) - close to the Middle East (Islamic influence)

Oguzkhan (first turk. dynasty), city Nissa

Decline after the discovery of sea routes - in the 16th century (region outside of interest of the world centers)

19th century: Increase of importance again: “Great game for Central Asia“ (between Russia and GB)

Delimitation of spheres of influence

  • The slow allocation of Kazakh hordes, the Bukhara Emirate, and Khiva
  • Kokand khanate to Czarist Russia

Turn of the 19th-20th century: the Russian population migration to CA ( increasing Russian influence)

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6
Q

History of effect in contemporary societies in CA

A

Contemporary disputes about the oldest capital

the creation of a new ideology -efforts to find proof of independent history and meaning, search for ancestors and roots for reconstructing the national identity)

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7
Q

Under the Russian (Soviet) rule

A

The colonial administration in CA

Disposition of local cultures

the creation of the state borders - Stalin “drew” (1924-1936) - 5 actual republics

“Buffer” states created dependent on the center - Moscow (subsidies)

  • Supply of raw materials – domination of monocultures (cotton exports, but imports • of textiles !!!)
  • Uzbekistan - cotton, Tajikistan - cotton
    Turkmenistan - natural gas, Kazakhstan - oil and iron ore, wool Kyrgyzstan - wool
  • Specialization only on the initial processing, the dependence on imports of basic foodstuffs (except of KAZ)
  • Limited transport availability on the world market, poor quality and limited range of export goods

resulting as “mental borders„

The djajidists ( “new movement”)

Russian dominance until the collapse of the USSR >collapse of economies

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8
Q

The jajidists

A

( “new movement”)

muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century

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9
Q

History of CA after USSR collapse

A

Disputes about water resources

Language - Russian + local (return); Cyrillic and Latin alphabet

• Differences

Religion: southern nations more (TURK, UZB, TAJ)

Regimes - authoritarian (continued leadership from the USSR), totalitarian (TUR)

Soviet elites stayed in power in the 1990s

Ideology - statesmen, historical figures …

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10
Q

CA - population

A

Dynamic growth - mainly titular nationality, the eviction of the Russian people

A very young population - average age 22 to 30 years

Most people live in the villages (except KAZ)

The clan structure (family, region, nepotism …)

Multinational and language structure:

The largest -Turkic-speaking nations

Iranian - Persian-speaking -Tajik (Farsi proximity)

Russian-speaking population

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11
Q

CA: problems rooted in history

A

Environmental disasters - excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the cultivation of cotton, drying, salting

Collection of radioactive waste uranium mining

Rise in religious extremism

Brain drain (Russian was/is the language of science)

  • Departure of the Russian population
  • Departure of the German population
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12
Q

New Great Game on Central Asia:

A
  • Russia • China • USA
  • Iran • Turkey • EU
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13
Q

Economic freedom

A

The biggest KAZ, KYR - currency convertibility

Problems with property rights and corruption - threatening foreign projects

Pressure on farmers - must grow cotton (UZB, TAD)

Freedom of movement, but bureaucracy

Own business - a lot of bureaucratic procedures

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14
Q

Human rights and political freedoms

A

Kyrgyzstan best

Turkmenistan worst

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15
Q

Eurasian Economic Union EEU

A

(operational since 2015)

single market

Founding: Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus

Newly acceded: Armenia, Kyrgyzstan

Economic, NOT political block !!!

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16
Q

Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)

A

Discussion since the 1990s

Formally advanced integration and cooperation

Much subordinated ambitions of Moscow

The convergence of economies - “customs union”, transport and energy networks - Did the opposite … - successful mainly in humanities (science, citizenship, education …)

Russia (veto power - the voice has a weight of 40%), Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (2008)

The Central Asian Cooperation Organization (CACO) - integrated

→EEU

17
Q

Collective Security Treaty Organization (ODKB)

A

Remains of CIS (which works ???)

Maintaining the degree of joint defense and military forces (assistance in case of aggression …)

Not to enter into other military groups

Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Belarus

Creation of common army

Alternative to NATO, Russia’s position

2012 re-withdrawal of UZB - shift back to US? (UZB territory was/is needed for the withdrawal of troops from AFG)

18
Q

CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States

A

Compensation for the USSR

Russia’s attempt to preserve its influence

GEORGIA out 2008 (war in Ossetia)

TUR - striving for neutrality (the “associate member”) and Ukraine (out after Crimea)

Cooperative efforts, economic, political, security

Cooperation contracts existed, but never actually implemented

Today, basically dysfunctional, replaced with other structures

19
Q

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

A

Established to adjust the border with China (already the USSR)

Today - especially the fight against terrorism (also economic and military interests …), security and social-economic cooperation

China + 4 (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) today Uzbekistan (focus on Russia and China), India, Pakistan + observers (Afghanistan, Belarus, Mongolia, Iran) + dialogue partners

Beijing Secretariat, anti-terrorism center in Tashkent (originally meant to be in Bishkek)

The first real results in the 1990s (removal of troops, exercises of armies …)

Non-interference in internal affairs (Bishkek Declaration)

20
Q

Regional integration: Turkmenistan

A

‘neutral’

21
Q

Regional integration within CA

A

A lot of efforts - not all successful or the structure is

dysfunctional

Disintegrating tendencies - finding partners outside CA

22
Q

CA transformation from planned to market economy

A

At the beginning - collapse and problems - each state a different procedure,

Almost no change in Turkmenistan

Fastest changes in Kyrgyzstan (WTO - 1998),

later the TAJ (2013), KAZ (2015) x UZB (observer status)

Privatization (agriculture, construction, trade, …)

Diversification of the local agriculture and industry

Legislation

Modernization of enterprises

Corruption of public officials, the grey economy (estimated at 30-80%)

• Common ethnic roots (except Tajiks)

23
Q

CA after USSR: Political party hierarchy and leaders were maintained

A

Secretaries took power - new presidents

  • Opposition discredited
  • Power in the hands of the family (political, economic …)
  • Clan structure

The influence of the Russian minority - the elites - emigration

Homo sovieticus - different perception of the Soviet inheritance between generations

Transformation – start from almost the same conditions

  • The poorest of the former USSR
  • The high literacy, high life expectancy - the good status of women
  • • Unreliable statistics from the 90s
24
Q

Economic reforms of CA after USSR

A

All the countries were mainly rural (except for Kazakhstan)

KAZ andTUR - boom in resources (oil, natural gas)

During the USSR there were not market prices - after the

collapse some countries gained a lot due to market prices

Republics unprepared for the changes

Transformation, decay, hyperinflation

Assistance from the WB, IMF

WTO negotiations

No national tradition (they were Soviets) – that is why later they started to search for national identity (history, heroes, old towns)

The absence of national institutions

Problems with ruble (hyperinflation) - transition to its own

currencies (the first KYR)

  • Economic reforms - the fastest in KYR (first WTO - 1998) • Kyz - mainly Kumtor (gold mine) led the economy
  • UZB - a good starting point, but the slow pace of reforms today • Cotton and grains

TUR - very slow pace of reforms, the cult of personality, gains from trade (oil and gas invested into palatial buildings)

A slowdown in reforms and growth, especially after 1998 - crisis in Russia

Reducing funding for education and social issues (pensions)

Lack of transport routes outside of Russia (oil and gas)

  • Initial orientation only for Russia, but since 1996 more than half the trade outside of CIS (higher import from CIS than exports to CIS)
  • Illegal trade - the drug route from AFG
25
Q

Leading states in CA

A

Kazakhstan

  • More economically developed than other countries
  • Spatial and demographic potential
  • Good relations with all three players in the region

Uzbekistan

  • neighboring with all other CA states
  • No decision can be done without them
  • Especially after September 11
26
Q

HDI – CA

A

all countries in the group of middle human development, exception- KAZ

27
Q

CPI (Transparency) : CA

A

Kazakhstan > Kyrgyzstan > Tajikistan > Turkmenistan > Uzbekistan

28
Q

Waters: Balkhash, Aral Sea, Caspian Sea

A
29
Q

Deserts:

A

Karakum („black“), Kyzylkum („red“), „Aralkum“

30
Q

Fergana valley

A

Ethnic conflicts along the border - enclaves

= distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within foreign territory

Access to water (water allocations, rivers Sur Darya and Amu Darya, climate change) and energy resources (more recent disputes) - also major source of food

The borders drawn under Soviet rule (Nomadic tribes: identity based on clan or region)

Strategic relevance

Probably the most troubled region in the CA

31
Q

Turan lowlands

A

low-lying desert basin region

32
Q

Rivers: Syrdarya, Amudarya, Zeravshan, Naryn

A

Flow into Aral sea

33
Q

Mountains - Tian Shan, Pamir, Hindukush

A
34
Q

Mountains: Kazakhstan Alatau, Altai

A

Alatau part of Tian Shan (Northest part)

35
Q

Oil at Caspian Sea

A

WDAS (15 decks)

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