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WDAS > CA: Introduction > Flashcards

CA: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

CA countries

A

Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan

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2
Q

Caspian Sea

A

Fight for oil of the coastal states, also Uzbekistan

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3
Q

Aral Sea

A

Dried due to irrigation, used for cotton cultivation during Soviet times

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4
Q

2 most important rivers

A

Syrdarya
Amudarya
- hydrodams, changing the inflow of the water, effect the countries located in downstreams

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5
Q

Kyrgyzstan

A

Fastest democratic development
elected president
water
rural women? bride kidnappings

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6
Q

USSR

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Rep.

  • Russia

and it’s buffer zone:

  • all of CA: UZ, TUR, KAZ, TAJ, KYR
  • Baltics
  • Bel, Ukr, Mol
  • Caucasus: Geor, Arm, Azerbaj
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7
Q

Silk Road

A

connection between Europe and China, through CA and ME

emergences of cities and empires

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8
Q

Great game

A

competition between GB and Russia over CA

why? explain on the map: both Czarist Russia and GB colonies neighborhood, in between those 2 powers

Currently: Russia, China (mineral resources and trade), U.S. (aims to counterweight Russia, military presence) EU (oil e.g. NABUCCO pipeline that was cancelled but maybe changes now)

Regional interest: Also Pakistan, India and Iran, Turkey (Development Assistance - Turkic population in all of CA but Tajikistan)

again explain on the map

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9
Q

Uyghur Autonomous Region

A

In China, muslim minority

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10
Q

Transformation of CA after USSR

A

CA countries mainly rural (except for KAZ)

KAZ and TUR - boom in resources (oil, natural gas)

From USSR non-market prices to wealth from global market and competition

Republics unprepared for the changes

-transformation, decay, hyperinflation

Assistance from WB

WTO negotiations

No national tradition (they were Soviets)- later search for national identity (history, heroes, old towns)

Absence of national institutions

From ruble (hyperinflation) to own currencies

Economic reforms - the fastest in KYR (First WTO - 1998)

  • Kyz- mainly Kumtor (gold mine) led the economy

UZB - a good starting point, but the slow pace of reforms today

  • cotton and grains => Uzbekistan benefited most from resources due to lack of relying on pipelines

TUR - very slow pace of reforms and growth, especially after 1998 -crisis in Russia

Reducing funding for education and social issues (pensions) Lack of trading routes outside of Russia (oil and gas)

  • Initial orientation only for Russia, but since 1996 more than half the trade outside of CIS (higher import from CIS than exports to CIS)

• Illegal trade - the drug route from AFG

Trends: Kazakhstan biggest area, Uzbekistan largest pop, Kazakhstan most urban people

  • Economically best: Kazakhstan & Turkmenistan
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11
Q

Tajikistan economic recovery obstacle

A

Civil war 1992-1997

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12
Q

Leading powers in CA

A

Kazakhstan leads in:

  • More economically developed than other countries
  • Spatial and demographic potential
  • Good relations with all three players in the region

Uzbekistan:

  • neighboring with all other CA states
  • No decision can be done without them
  • Especially after September 11
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13
Q

Ferghana Valley

A

Ethnic conflicts along the border - enclaves

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14
Q

‘Neutral’ position of Turkmenistan obstacle for regional integration

A

Turkmenbashi = NIYAZOV

in practice: TURK not part of international cooperation

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15
Q

Shanghai Cooperation Organization: SCO

A

Established due to delimitations of the borders with Russia

Members China + 4 (RUS, KAZ, KYR, TAJ) today also UZB, IN,PAK, + observers (AFG,BEL,MONG,IRAN)

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16
Q

Regional integration

A

A lot of efforts- not all successful or the structure is dysfunctional

17
Q

CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

A

Compensation for the USSR

Russia’s attempt to preserve its influence

GEORGIA stopped membership in 2008

  • the war in Ossetia / NATO?

TUR - striving for neutrality (the ‘associate member’) and UKR (stopped membership after annex. of Crimea)

Cooperative efforts, economic, political, security

18
Q

Collective Security Treaty Organization (ODKB)

A

Remnant of CIS (which works ???)

Maintaining the degree of joint defense and military forces (assistance in case of aggression …)

Not to enter into other military groups

Russia,

KAZ,

KYR,

TAJ,

UZB, left and re-joined

ARM,

AZE, left

GEO, left

BEL

Creation of common army

The alternative to NATO, Russia’s position

2012 re-withdrawal of UZB - shift back to the USA? (UZB territory was/is needed for the withdrawal of troops from AFG)

19
Q

Eurasian Economic Union EEU (operational since 2015)

A

single market (more than 17o million. people)

Founding: Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus

Newly acceded: Armenia, Kyrgyzstan

Economic, NOT political bloc !!!

20
Q

Kyrgyzstan best position

Turkmenistan worst

A

Human rights and political freedoms

21
Q

Economic freedom in CA

A

The biggest KAZ, KYR - currency convertibility

Problems with property rights and corruption - threatening foreign projects

Pressure on farmers - must grow cotton (UZB, TAD)

Bigger in Caucasus non-Muslim countries (see table below)

Freedom of movement, but bureaucracy

Own business - a lot of bureaucratic procedures

22
Q

Defining CA

A

Many different concepts – depending on geographical and historical issues

traditionally – 3 main understandings/concepts

5 countries

4+1

5 + Afghanistan + Uyghur region

5 + N Afghanistan + NW China + N Iran + N Pakistan + Kashmir + sometimes also part of Siberia – according to Roux

23
Q

What are GONGOs? or quango

A

quasi-NGOs, were established by the state esp. in UZB - have privileges, such as preferential taxation. Sometimes they were simply Soviet-era organizations under a new name.

(governmental NGOs), founded by the government → play a useful - less independcy

24
Q

General problems of NGOs in CA

A

Fear of repercussion

Corruption

25
Q

What was or is the situation in the NGO sector in CA? What is it related to? What is the difference between rural and urban?

A

In all countries but Kyrgyzstan the majority of NGOs are concentrated in the capital cities.

CA republics have large rural populations but NGO development in rural areas is mainly weak.

This is largely because the representative offices of international organizations are situated in the capitals, where people have more access to information. It is difficult for people living in remote regions to travel to the capital cities because of the cost of transport – especially in Kazakhstan, which has such a vast territory.

While in Soviet times differences in living standards between urban and rural populations were not so marked, because the state provided free education, health and social welfare services, there is now a sharp difference between city and village. More generally, society is becoming more stratified, more polarized between rich and poor, with poor people comprising the overwhelming majority.

26
Q

What is the problem with the transfer of NGOs from the West

A

There is a sense in which the Western concept of civil society has been artificially attached to society in Central Asia and to the transition process. Much time and effort will therefore be needed before the concept is absorbed and assimilated. Not surprisingly, then, although NGOs are set up to help solve social problems, some governments in Central Asia tend to view them as anti-governmental organizations.

27
Q

Language policies in CA

A
28
Q

Women’s Rights situation CA

A
  • Strong role in the household (under USSR stronger position)
  • Domestic violence
  • Lack of property rights
  • Lack of ownership to their own body
  • Belief that women inherit all the wealth of the family
  • Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan trying to control bride kidnappings through law and change in culture

WDAS (15 decks)

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