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1.2.1. Cardiovascular System > Development of the CVS > Flashcards

Development of the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

The heart tube has formed and is pumping by what day?

A

22

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2
Q

What happens at day 23 of the heart development?

A

Heart tube begins to fold due to differential growth

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3
Q

Folding of the heart take place across how many days?

A

6

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4
Q

What divides the common atrium

A

Septum primum: grows down from the superior atria wall

septum secundum

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5
Q

What is the hole in the septum primum?

A

ostium primum, then as the wall fully forms another hole arises = ostium secundum

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6
Q

What is the second wall to form in the common atrium, its hole and function?

A

septum secundum, hole = foramen ovale create a shunt for blood to flow from the right to left atria so blood can bypass the lungs

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7
Q

What is the fossa ovalis and how is it formed?

A

after birth pressure is greater in the L side of heart, pushing septum primum against septum secundum = fuse = leaving indentation in R atrium = fossa ovalis

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8
Q

How is an atrial septal defect caused?

A

failure in any stage of the septum primum and septum secundum fusing together

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9
Q

In development what separates the L and R ventricle?

A

muscular septum grows up to form the intraventricular septum, small shunt = primary intraventricular foramen – closed by endocardial cushion tissue growth

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10
Q

How is a ventricular septal defect caused?

A

failure of endocardial cushion tissue to close gap

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11
Q

During development how is a single outward flow tract divided into the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

endocardial cushions form in the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis in week 5, they fuse forming one spiralling septum, which divides outflow tract into pulmonary trunk and aorta

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12
Q

At what point in development do we see the heart structure that persists for the remaining uterine life?

A

5 weeks

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13
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

blood vessel present in all babies while still in womb that allows blood to bypass lungs = flow from pulmonary artery to aorta

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14
Q

When the ductus arteriosus closes after birth what is this now called?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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15
Q

When does the CVS start to appear and why?

A

middle of third week as embryo is no longer about to satisfy its nutritional requirement by diffusion alone

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16
Q

At what stage and what cell develop the primary heart field PHF?

A

migration of heart progenitor cells, ~day16

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17
Q

In the 4th week the heart undergoes cardiac looping, what is this?

A

heart folds on itself and assumes normal position in left part of thorax atria posteriorly and ventricles in an anterior position

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18
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

failing of heart folding causes the heart to lie on the right side

19
Q

What embryonic tissue gives rise to the CVS?

A

mesoderm

20
Q

What is the most common birth defect?

A

congenital heart defect

21
Q

What is the most common cause of indirect maternal death?

A

congenital heart defect

22
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

A

zone within the mesoderm, that start to diff into blood islands, that has the capacity to generate the entire CVS

23
Q

How may blood islands are present?

A

2

24
Q

A congenital defect can be classified as?

A

Structural abnormalities or complete absence of a structure

25
Q

What causes congenital birth defects?

A

Genetic, exposure to chemicals/drugs/infectious agents, unexplained

26
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

27
Q

What is the added complexity of CVS devel?

A

system that works for the foetus but then changes and works after birth – able to switch

28
Q

What is the primitive heart tube derived from?

A

a modified blood vessel

29
Q

How is the primitive heart tube formed

A

2 endocardial tubes either side fuse when the embryo folds

30
Q

How is the primitive heart tube divided?

A

5 regions:

1) aortic roots
2) truncus arteriosus
3) bulbus cordis
4) ventricle
5) atrium and sinus venosus

31
Q

Why does the heart tube twist and fold?

A

As it grows it is limited in space by the pericardial cavity

32
Q

What structures has the right atria devel from?

A

Primitive atrium, sinus venosus

33
Q

What structures has the left atria devel from?

A

Small portion of primitive atrium, proximal part of pulmonary veins

34
Q

What are the circulatory requirements of a foetal heart?

A

Lungs don’t work, O2/CO2 via placenta = shunts required to bypass lungs = HAVE to be reversible at birth

35
Q

What is the path of foetal circulation

A

Oxygenated arrives at umbilicus, shunt bypasses liver (ductus venosus), to inferior vena cava, to RA, shunt, to LA (foramen ovale), LV, aorta, systemic – also: small amount of blood to RV (for devel) shunt from pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass lungs (ductus arteriosus)

36
Q

Even though the shunt between the RA and LA bypasses the lungs, why does a small amount of blood go to the RV?

A

Need to allow that RV to work against something to enable full devel

37
Q

What is the duct that allows foetal blood to bypass the liver?

A

ductus venosus

38
Q

What is the shunt between the RA and LA?

A

foramen ovale

39
Q

What is the shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

A

ductus arteriosus

40
Q

The 4th arch in foetal devel is remodelled to?

A

R = proximal part of R subclavian artery L = arch of aorta

41
Q

The 6th arch in foetal devel is remodelled to?

A

R = R pulmonary artery. L = L pulmonary artery + ductus arteriosus

42
Q

Outline patient ductus arteriosus

A

Normally spasm closes the ductus arteriosus – but doesn’t close often in premature patients = persistent communication between pulmonary trunk and aorta = blood shunt L to R

43
Q

What are the 2 components of a ventricular septum?

A

Muscular, membranous

44
Q

Finish the table

A

1.2.1. Cardiovascular System (18 decks)

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