Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Regarding the circulatory system what is rate proportional to?

A

Square of the distance

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2
Q

What vessels supply the heart muscle with blood?

A

Coronary arteries 3 major: left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (circ), right coronary artery (RCA)

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3
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

A

Area available for exchange, diffusion resistance, conc gradient

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4
Q

Where is capillary density at its highest?

A

Metabolically active tissues

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5
Q

What are the factors that determine the O2 conc gradient?

A

Rate of blood flow, rate of use by tissue

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6
Q

What is the rate of blood flow known as?

A

Perfusion rate

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7
Q

At rest where is blood flow the highest?

A

Gut: 1.4L

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8
Q

At max flow where is blood flow the highest?

A

Muscle: 16L

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9
Q

What is cardiac output for an average 70Kg person at rest vs max flow?

A

Rest: 5L, max flow: 25L

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10
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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11
Q

What sac surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardial sac

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12
Q

How many layers is the pericardial sac and what are they?

A

3: fibrous layer, partial, visceral

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13
Q

What is the pericardial sac attached to inferiorly and superiorly?

A

Inferiorly: diaphragm. Superiorly: greater vessels

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14
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

originates in neck (C3-C5) passes down between lung/heart to diaphragm: important for breathing, passes motor information to diaphragm and receives sensory info from it

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15
Q

What is the space between the pericardial parietal and visceral layer called?

A

pericardial space

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16
Q

What does the pericardial space contain and what happens when there is too much?

A

Pericardial lubricating fluid. Too much = compress the heart due to inextensible fibrous layer = cardiac tamponade. Fluid needs to be drained

17
Q

What is the term given to removing fluid from the pericardial space?

A

pericardiocentesis

18
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta but anterior to the superior vena cava

19
Q

Where is the oblique sinus?

A

blind ending passage posterior to the heart formed by the reflections of the visceral and parietal pericardium onto the vessels traversing the space = forms an inverted U-shaped recess

20
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

tenth pair of cranial nerves

parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, digestive tract

21
Q

What structure makes up most of the anterior heart?

A

right ventricle

22
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries?

A

right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

23
Q

Where does the right coronary artery originate from?

A

Originating above the right cusp of the aortic valve.

24
Q

What groove does the right coronary artery travel down?

A

right atrioventricular groove, towards the crux of the heart

25
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

RCA –> right marginal artery (RMA) (anterior) RCA –> posterior interventricular artery (Plv)

26
Q

Where does the left coronary artery originate from?

A

arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve

27
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

LCA –> left anterior descending (LAD) LCA –> left marginal artery (LMA) + circumflex artery (Cx)

28
Q

What are the hearts auricles?

A

One auricle is attached to each anterior surface of the outer-walls of the atria. Visually, they look like wrinkled pouch-like structures. Purpose = increase atrium capacity = increase volume

29
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

30
Q

Define anastomosis

A

is the connection of two normally divergent channels or tubes = vessels, intestines

31
Q

What are resistance vessels?

A

arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

32
Q

Anatomically where does the heart lie?

A

middle mediastinum

33
Q

What are the 2 basic rules for normal cardiac anatomy?

A

1) right sides structures lie mostly anterior 2) atrial chambers are located mostly to the right of their corresponding ventricles

34
Q

What are the hearts great vessels?

A

superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta

35
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

depression in RA, at level of interatrial septum, embryonic remnant of foramen ovale

36
Q

What 5 veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A

great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, left posterior ventricular vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein