Development Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Question 1

Q

The cardio-vascular system:

a) starts its development in the 3rd week
b) starts its development in the mesenchyme derived from the primary mesoderm

c) starts its development in the mesenchyme which covers the yolk sac, forms the
connecting stalk and the innermost layer of chorionic plate

d) finishes its development completely in the 5th month of prenatal development

Question 2

Q

The cardio-vascular system:

a) starts its development in the 3rd month of the prenatal development
b) starts its development in the mesenchyme derived from the primary mesoderm

c) starts its development in the mesenchyme which covers the yolk sac, forms the
connecting stalk and the innermost layer of chorionic plate

d) finishes its development after birth

Question 3

Q

The blood islands:

a) are formed purely by cells of ectodermal origin
b) are formed by mesenchymal cells that aggregate in form of small isolated islands
c) are at first formed by clusters of undifferentiated cells called angioblasts
d) are formed by the endoderm only

Question 4

Q

The blood islands:

a) form the primordia for the blood corpuscles as well as endothelium
b) are formed by mesenchymal cells that aggregate in form of small isolated islands
c) are formed by angioblasts
d) are formed by cluster of undifferentiated cells at first

Question 5

Q

The angioblasts of blood islands:

a) differentiate in the centre of the island in rounded cells, containing hemoglobin
in their cytoplasm

b) differentiate in the centre of the island in the first primitive erythroblasts
c) the peripheral cells of the blood islands flatten and form the endothelial layer

d) the peripheral cells of the blood islands produce the plasma and so the blood
islands become little blood vesicles

Question 6

Q

The angioblasts of blood islands:

a) are of purely ectodermal origin
b) differentiate in the centre of the island in the first primitive erythroblasts
c) the peripheral cells of the blood islands form the nervous system primordia
d) the peripheral cells of the blood islands form the notochord

Question 7

Q

The luminized blood vesicles:

a) stay isolated till the fifth month of prenatal development
b) gradually join each other to form a loose anastomosing network of capillaries
c) are situated only around the whole yolk sac
d) can pass in the embryonic stalk and the chorionic plate and its villi

Question 8

Q

The intraembryonic circulation starts its development:

a) at the fifth day of embryo development
b) at the time of mesodermal somite formation
c) during the last month before birth
d) before the first blood islands are formed

Question 9

Q

The loose mesenchymal tissue:

a) represents a secondary embryonic connective tissue which has been derived
mostly from mesoderm

b) on its formation participate also the ecto- and entoderm in some embryonic
regions

c) participates on the development of the embryonic cardiovascular system
d) participates on the development of the first angioblastic clusters

Question 10

Q

The first angioblastic clusters in the embryo are formed:

a) in the mesenchyme which fills the narrow space between mesodermal somites
and both ectoderm and entoderm

b) they are solid blood islands at first

c) they luminize to form blood vesicles, lined by endothelium and containing the
first blood corpuscles

d) they stay isolated and do not connect with each other during the development

Question 11

Q

The first blood vessel tubes in the embryo:

a) are formed by blood vesicles that gradually join each other
b) pass in a longitudinal way throughout the embryo
c) they are doubled (right and left) on both sides of the embryo

d) they correspond according their position to the future aorta, umbilical and vi-
telline veins

Question 12

Q

The first blood vessel tubes in the embryo:

a) are formed by cells of purely ectodermal origin
b) pass in a longitudinal way throughout the embryo
c) are formed by cells of purely entodermal origin
d) they diminish completely during the first week of prenatal development

Question 13

Q

The intraembryonic circulation through the earliest blood vessels:

a) is established during the 4th week of prenatal development

b) the oxygenated blood fluid at first without blood corpuscles from the chorionic
villi enters the embryo via connecting stalk through umbilical veins

c) does not function until birth
d) blood passes from the umbilical vein into enlarged heart tube and from there into aortic loop and into aorta and returns deoxygenated via umbilical artery into chorionic villi

Question 14

Q

The intraembryonic circulation through the earliest blood vessels:

a) is established during the 4th month of prenatal development
b) the oxygenated blood fluid enters the embryo through umbilical artery
c) does not function until birth
d) blood passes from the umbilical vein into enlarged heart tube

Question 15

Q

Already in the embryonic circulation through the earliest blood vessels:

a) from the aortic loop an internal carotid artery goes out to supply the head
structures

b) the oxygenated blood enters the embryo through umbilical artery

c) the embryonic heart begins to beat at about the 4th months of prenatal deve-
lopment

d) blood passes from the umbilical vein into the enlarged heart tube

Question 16

Q

Already in the embryonic circulation through the earliest blood vessels:

a) from the aortic loop an internal carotid artery goes out to supply the head
structures

b) caudally the aorta is prolonged into sacral artery
c) the embryonic heart begins to beat at about the 21st day after fertilization
d) blood passes from the umbilical vein into enlarged heart tube

Question 17

Q

The earliest intraembryonic circulation:

a) is separated from the network of extraembryonic vessels on the yolk sac
b) contains no blood corpuscles in the beginning

c) blood corpuscles appear approximately at the time when both (intra- and ex-
traembryonic) circulations join

d) the unification of both intra- and extraembryonic circulations into general cir- culation occurs through vitelline artery, which arises from aorta and passes to the yolk sac, while vitelline vein returns and enters together with the umbilical vein into heart

Question 18

Q

The unification of both intra- and extraembryonic circulations into general circu-
lation:

a) occurs through the vitelline artery, which arises from aorta and passes to the
yolk sac
b) occurs on the 7th day after fertilization
c) does not occur before the birth
d) blood corpuscles appear approximately at the time when both circulations join

Question 19

Q

The prenatal development the heart:

a) is completed at the 3rd week of development
b) is not completed not even at the 3rd month of development
c) the heart begins to beat at about the 21st day after fertilization
d) the heart develops till the end the 6th month of prenatal development and then
it does not change till adulthood

Question 20

Q

The whole early embryonic vascular system is bilateral, i.e. doubled, but soon join the left and right parts of the vessels in four regions that means that the unification of bilateral circulation appears at:

a) the umbilico-vitelline region to form a single heart tube
b) the dorsal aorta to a single tube (but the aortic loop remains doubled)
c) the vitelline arteries from the single aorta
d) the umbilical vein in the connecting stalk before it enters into embryo

Question 21

Q

During the development of the heart:

a) both endothelial cardiac tubes lie at first parallel
b) both tubes fuse to form a single cardiac tube
c) the blood reaches the tube by only three veins (umbilical, vitelline and carotid)
d) the blood leaves the heart with the vitelline vein

Question 22

Q

During the development of the heart:

a) both endothelial cardiac tubes fuse to form a single cardiac tube
b) a constriction on the tube develops, which cuts the sinus venosus (in which the
six veins open) from the auricle (atrium) and forms sino-atrial opening
c) a constriction on the tube develops between the ventricular part and atrial part
to form the atrio-ventricular canal
d) the blood leaves the heart with the vitelline vein

Question 23

Q

During the development of the heart:

a) both endothelial cardiac tubes divide to form four separated cardiac tubes
b) a constriction on the single tube develops, which cuts the sinus venosus (in which
the six veins open) from the auricle (atrium) and forms sino-atrial opening
c) the ventricular part and atrial part fuse to form one single space
d) the heart begins to beat at about the 21st day after fertilization

Question 24

Q

During the development of the heart:

a) the developing heart tube is situated in a limited space of pericardium
b) the blood leaves the heart with the vitelline vein
c) the heart begins to beat at about the 21st day after fertilization

d) the heart develops till the end the 6th month of the prenatal development and
then it does not change till adulthood

Question 25

Q

During this twisting of the heart tube in situated in a limited space of pericardium:

a) the atrial segment shifts more and more dorsally

b) the sino-atrial aperture, which collects the blood from all six veins, opens now
in the region of the right atrium

c) the atrio-ventricular canal closes
d) the single united cavity gradually divides into two separated tubes

Question 26

Q

The sino-atrial opening in the heart:

a) is closed during the 2nd week of the embryonic development
b) is situated in the right atrium
c) becomes fixed to the thin wall of the right atrium by a small septum spurium
d) is divided into two parts during the second week of the embryonic development

Question 27

Q

The septum intermedium of the heart:

a) joints the ventral and dorsal walls of the heart in the centre

b) partially separates the thin walled atrium from the ventricles with a much thicker
wall

c) disappears during development leaving a hole in the wall of the heart
d) disappears during the 2nd week of the embryonic development

Question 28

Q

The septum primum:

a) starts the septation of atria of the heart
b) is a membranous barrier growing down from the dorsal heart wall

c) reaches the septum intermedium and forms the permanent septum of atria until
birth

d) a hole appears in it (called the ostium secundum) after it grows together with
intermediate septum

Question 29

Q

The septum secundum:

a) is a membranous barrier much thinner and more fragile then the septum primum
b) develops on the right side of the septum primum as a rigid septum secundum

c) leaves the foramen ovale open only for few hours during the development of the
fetus

d) has no opening

Question 30

Q

Foramen ovale:

a) is an opening in the rigid septum secundum

b) lets the blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium during the prenatal
development

c) should spontaneously close after the first breath and onset of pulmonary circu-
lation

d) can be closed artificially during the 7th month of the prenatal development to
save the child from intrauterine death

Question 31

Q

The heart ventricles:

a) are divided by a septum primum
b) become divided by a septum interventriculare
c) become completely separated during the 2nd week of the embryonic development
d) stay connected by the foramen ovale

Question 32

Q

Foramen interventriculare:

a) is the opening between the septum interventriculare and intermediate septum
b) becomes partitioned at the end of the 7th week by bulbar ridges
c) closes completely before the 4th week of the embryonic development
d) closes completely by the thin membranous barrier

Question 33

Q

Septum aortico-pulmonale:

a) separates atria from ventricles
b) develops from two opposite bulbar ridges
c) develops at the 3rd week of the embryonic development
d) becomes closed completely by a thin membranous barrier

Question 34

Q

Bulbar ridges:

a) start to descent at the 5th month of the embryonic development
b) start to descent from the bulbus in the right ventricle
c) they are shifted to the middle and divide the interventricular foramen
d) contribute to the separation of aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 35

Q

Bulbar ridges:

a) start to descent at the 5th week of the embryonic development
b) start to descent from the bulbus in the right atrium
c) develop from two opposite ridges that gradually join
d) contribute to the separation of aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 36

Q

The arteries of the first aortic arch:

a) contribute to the development of the portal vein
b) degenerate very soon leaving some remnants
c) their remnants form the maxillary artery
d) contribute to the formation of abdominal aorta

Question 37

Q

The arteries of the second aortic arch:

a) contribute to the development of the carotid artery
b) fuse with the arteries of the fifth arch
c) degenerate very soon leaving some remnants
d) their remnants form the stapedial artery

Question 38

Q

The fifth aortic arch:

a) fuses with the first and second arch
b) disappears completely together with fifth branchial arch
c) remnants of it form the carotid arteries
d) contributes to the separation of aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 39

Q

The sixth aortic arch:

a) forms the pulmonary artery

b) its connection with the left aortic loop functions as a ductus arteriosus (Botalli)
which obliterates postnatally

c) degenerate very soon
d) their remnants form the stapedial artery

Question 40

Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta that appear soon, even at the time
when dorsal aortae are still paired:

a) dorsal intersegmental (future the intercostal and lumbar) arteries
b) lateral segmental (later renal, suprarenal, spermatid and ovarial) arteries
c) medial segmental arteries
d) ventral segmental arteries

Question 41

Q

Ductus arteriosus (Botalli):

a) should obliterate postnatally
b) connects left and right atria in the heart
c) connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta
d) becomes closed by bulbar ridges during the 5th week of embryonic development

Question 42

Q

Cardinal veins:

a) drain the deoxygenated blood from the embryo and fetus
b) starts to function at the 4th week of the embryonic development
c) carry the oxygenated blood towards the placenta

d) the common cardinal vein (Ductus venosus Cuvieri) opens together with the
umbilical and vitelline veins in the sinus venosus of the heart

Question 43

Q

Which statement is correct about the umbilical veins:

a) the right umbilical vein disappears
b) the left umbilical vein brings blood from the placenta to the fetal liver
c) after birth, the obliterated umbilical vein persists as ligamentum teres hepatic
d) connect the pulmonary artery directly with the aorta

Question 44

Q

Which statement is correct about the vitelline veins:

a) they are situated in the cerebral region
b) drain the deoxygenated blood from the embryo and fetus
c) contribute to a common plexus of sinusoid vessels running throughout the liver
d) participate in formation of the portal vein

Question 45

Q

Which statement is correct about the fetal lymphatic system:

a) the first primordia of the lymphatics develop in the meshes of the mesenchymal
network

b) the first primordia of the lymphatics develop in the vicinity of the major veins
c) the embryonic lymphatic system connects the left and right heart atria

d) the embryonic lymphatic system connects directly the pulmonary artery with
the aorta

Question 46

Q

Which statements are correct about fetal circulation:

a) the fetus gets oxygenated blood from placenta
b) oxygenated blood goes directly from the umbilical artery into the brain

c) blood can go? from the right atrium via foramen ovale into the left atrium, then
in the left ventricle and aorta

d) through the aorta, blood passes into the head region and deoxygenated blood
returns in the superior vena cava

Question 47

Q

Which statements are correct about fetal circulation:

a) the fetus gets oxygenated blood from placenta

b) the oxygenated blood passes the liver to receive the blood from the portal vein
and opens in inferior vena cava

c) blood can not flow directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
d) blood returns to the placenta via paired umbilical arteries

Question 48

Q

Which statements are correct about fetal circulation:

a) venous system comprises of three basic vein systems – vitelline, umbilical and
cardinal veins

b) the oxygenated blood goes directly from the umbilical artery into the brain
c) blood can pass from the right ventricle via foramen ovale into aorta

d) through the aorta, blood passes into the head region and deoxygenated blood
returns in the superior vena cava

Question 49

Q

The major septa of the heart:

a) are formed between the 27th and 37th days of embryonic development
b) converts the simple heart tube into a four chambered heart
c) undergoes last modifications after the birth of the baby and the first breath
d) are completed before the 4th week of the embryonic development

Question 50

Q

Which statements are correct about the circulatory changes at birth:

a) at birth with the first breath, the pulmonary arteries start to carry more blood
to the lungs

b) with birth, the blood pressure in the aorta increases dramatically under normal
conditions

c) the ductus arteriosus should, under normal conditions, stay open until the age
of 3 years

d) increased pressure in the left atrium presses the membranous septum primum
against the rigid septum secundum, closing the foramen ovale

Question 51

Q

Which statement s are correct about the circulatory changes at birth:

a) at birth with the first breath, the pulmonary arteries close
b) with birth the blood pressure in the right side of the heart decreases

c) the contracted ductus arteriosus gradually changes into a fibrous cord called
ligamentum arteriosum

d) the arterial and venous sides of the heart gradually get separated

Question 52

Q

Heart defects:

a) are extremely rare forming only 1% of all developmental malformations

b) are not important from the clinical point of view because they always become
repaired spontaneously gradually during first 3 years of the life

c) in some cases the arterial and venous blood get mixed
d) can not be diagnosed prenatally

Question 53

Q

Heart defects:

a) form nearly one quarter of all developmental malformations
b) can be diagnosed prenatally
c) can be diagnosed using the ultrasound examinations and echocardiography
d) are always clinically evident right after birth, during the first minutes of life

Question 54

Q

Patent foramen ovale:

a) arises as a result of incomplete closure of the foramen ovale

b) usually results in murmur that can be heard and can be diagnosed by echocar-
diography

c) has to be operated right after birth in all cases
d) sometimes closes spontaneously

Question 55

Q

Patent foramen ovale:

a) appears (to some extent) in 50% of all newborns
b) is an atrial septal defect
c) can in some cases close spontaneously
d) is a result of bulbar ridges malformation

Question 56

Q

Ventricular septal defects:

a) usually result in murmur that can be heard and can be diagnosed by echocar-
diography

b) depend on irregular development of aortico-pulmonary septum
c) has a direct impact on morphology of aorta or pulmonary artery
d) are not clinically important and do not lead to any health problems

Question 57

Q

The Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of following defects:

a) ventricular septal defect
b) pulmonary stenosis
c) left ventricular hypertrophy
d) patent foramen ovale

Question 58

Q

The Tetralogy of Fallot:

a) depends on an unequal division of the heart bulbus by aortico-pulmonary septum
b) is the combination of atrial septal defect and stenosis of aorta
c) the right ventricular hypertrophy is present

d) clinically, the cyanosis may be present soon after birth and a characteristic heart
murmur can be heard

Question 59

Q

The ductus arteriosus:

a) connects right and left heart atria
b) normally closes within hours after birth
c) is a very common malformation
d) connects the left heart ventricle with aorta

Question 60

Q

Patent ductus arteriosus:

a) causes higher pressure in aorta
b) causes a hypertrophy of the right ventricle
c) is clinically presented by murmur
d) can not be treated and children die in few days after birth

Question 61

Q

Patent ductus arteriosus:

a) is one of the most frequently occurring abnormalities of the great vessels
b) has a lower incidence in the premature infant than in term newborns
c) can occur as isolated or in combination with other congenital heart defects
d) can result in hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Question 62

Q

Coarctation of aorta:

a) occurs in cases if the closure reflex spreads from the ductus arteriosus to the
aorta

b) is the narrowing of the aorta distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery

c) is caused usually by spasmus in tunica media followed by tunica intima prolife-
ration

d) can not be treated and children die soon after birth

Question 63

Q

Congenital heart defects (CHD):

a) are less frequent in premature born babies than in term infants
b) affect approximately one in every 125 babies born
c) are frequent because of the long-term development of the cardiovascular sys- tem, because of its extensive remodeling and complex post-natal changes in circulation
d) have usually multifactorial origin

Question 64

Q

Congenital heart defects (CHD):

a) are usually of a multi-factorial origin

b) result often from genetic predisposition in combination with environmental fac-
tors

c) preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations as
do infants born at term

d) are more frequent in mothers with diabetes mellitus

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Development Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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