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Neuroendocrine Test Two > Development of the Brain Dennis T#2 > Flashcards

Development of the Brain Dennis T#2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the derivatives of forebrain (Prosencephalon)?

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon

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2
Q

Derivatives of midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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3
Q

What are the hind brain (Rhombenccephalon) derivatives?

A

Metencephalon & Myelencephalon

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4
Q

Derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

Telencephalon: Lateral ventricles and cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon: Thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus… third ventricle

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5
Q

Mesencehpalon derivatives?

A

Midbrain & aqueduct

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6
Q

Metencephalon and Myelecephalon derivatives?

A

Metencephalon: Pons and cerebellum and upper part of 4th ventricle

Myelencephalon: Medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle

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7
Q

What are the three flexures?

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalic) Flexure
Cervical flexure
Pontine flexure

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8
Q

What flexures are in the hindbrain?

A

Cervical flexure which separates hindbrain form spinal cord- defined at C1 superior rootlet @ foramen magnum

Pontine flexure which demarcates metencephalon from myelencephalon

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9
Q

Hindbrain derivatives?

A

Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata

Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum

Cavity of hindbrain is the 4th ventricle

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10
Q

What do the neuroblasts in alar plates form?

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus. Both associate with pathway for sensory info the PCML (DCML)

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11
Q

what are pyramids and where are the found?

A

Caudal myelencephalon

ventral structure consisting of CST fibers, important for regulating motor movement from cerebral cortex

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12
Q

In the rostral myelencephalon what happens when pontine flexure begins to move?

A

Pontien flexure causes walls of medulla to move laterally and the roof plate is thinned and cavity is part of 4th ventricle

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13
Q

Describe the relation of alar plates to the basal plates once pontine flexure is established?

A

Alar plate becomes lateral to the basal plates with expansion and flattening of the tissue

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14
Q

Neuroblasts from the basal plate develop into motor neurons and those nuclei organize themselves into columns. What are the columns?

A

GSE
SVE
GVE

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15
Q

Neuroblasts in the alar plates of he medulla form neurons that are arranged in columns similar to basal plates. What are they?

A

GVA
SVA
GSA
SSA

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16
Q

What forms neurons in olivary nuclei?

A

Neuroblasts from alar plates that migrate more ventrally

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17
Q

What do the walls of the metencephalon form?

A

Pons and cerebellum and the cavity forms 4th ventricle

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18
Q

In the metencephalon, what does the pontine flexure do?

A

forces walls of pons out laterally spreading the gray matter in the floor of 4th ventricle and neuroblasts of basal plate develop into motor nuclei

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19
Q

Cerebellum develops from ____.

A

Dorsal parts of alar plates

20
Q

How does the cerebellum develop?

A

Cerebellar swellings project into 4th vent and fuse in median plane and overgrow rostral 4th vent pons and medulla. Alar plates will form central nuclei pontine cochlear nuclei

21
Q

How does the choroid plexus form

A

Emendymal roof of the 4th ventricle is covered with Pia mater, which is derived from the hindbrain mesesnchyme. The pia mater and the ependymal roof is called the Tela Choroidea.

The tela choroidea proliferates and invests into 4th vent forming choroid plexus and then secretes ventricle fluid

22
Q

When the outpockets from the 4th ventricle rupture what is formed?

A

Median and lateral apertures

23
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi and where are they from?

A

Come from midbrain

Neuroblasts of the alar plates that migrate into the tectum

24
Q

What do the neuroblasts of the basal plate form?

A 
Midbrain
Tegmental nuclei (Red nuclei involved in movement, reticular formation brain alertness, CN 3 and 4)
25
Q

What forms the cerebral aqueduct?

A

midbrain

neural canal narrowing and it will connect 3rd and 4th ventricles

26
Q

The swellings in the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon form ____.

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

27
Q

Describe development of thalamus.

A

Diencephalon

Develops and bulges into a cavity and fuses at the midline in ~70% of brains forming interthalamic adhesion

28
Q

Describe hypothalamus development.

A

Diencephalon
Comes from neuroblasts in the intermediate zone. Endocrine and homeostatic nuclei develop and mammillary bodies form on the ventral surface

29
Q

Epithalamus comes from __?

A

From roof and dorsal portion of lateral wall

30
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

median outgrowth of the roof of diencephalon

31
Q

Pituitary gland development?

A

(BOARDS)

The anterior pituitary is endocrine tissue and the posterior is neural tissue.

Two embryonic sources:

  1. Hypophyseal diverticulum which is an upgrowth of roof of stomodeum (oral ectoderm)
  2. Neurohypophyseal diverticulum (Rathke’s pouch) downgrowth of diencephalon (neuroectoderm)
32
Q

Describe the 4 steps to hypophyseal diverticulum development.

A
  1. projects from roof of stomodeum by 3rd week
  2. constricts its attachment from oral cavity
  3. Passes through cranium and contact infundibulum at week 5
  4. Regresses from oral cavity at 6th week
33
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of?

A

Median part and two cerebral vesicles, primordia of the cerebral hemispheres. The cavity corms anterior 3rd ventricle but largely lateral ventricle.

34
Q

What separates and defines caudate and lentiform (putamen and globus pallidus) nuclei?

A

Fibers of the IC pass through the corpus striatum

35
Q

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), what is it?

A

incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres. Most cases are associated with facial abnormalities such as cyclopia premaxillary agenesis, proboscis, single nostril, hypotelorism or facial clefts.
Severe and relatively common defect!

36
Q

Describe the genetics of HPE.

A

Over 12 loci! SHH is the key player but there are others as well. It results in impaired forebrain dev and impacts FNP development.

Usually results in early fetal death

37
Q

What is the lamina terminalis?

A

largest and most rostral end of the bundles of cerebral commissures. It extends from roof of diencephalon to optic chiasm. Within the lamina other commissures form!

38
Q

What is the anterior commissure?

A

Interconnects temporal lobes within each hemisphere

39
Q

Hippocampal commisure?

A

Interconnects the hippocampi within each hemisphere

40
Q

Corpus Callosum?

A

Largest commissure links hemispheres along the length. It grows and extends beyond lamina terminalis anterior portion forms first and the posterior portion forms in fetal life

41
Q

What is the septum pellicudium?

A

Thin plate of brain tissue containing nerve cells and fibers. Divides

42
Q

How are layers produced in the cerebral cortex?

A

Cortical layers are laid down from deep to superficial. Youngest neurons are on the outer surface and oldest are the deepest.
Layer 6 is first produced Layer 1 is last produced

43
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A

Incomplete neural migration during months 3 and 4 of gestation. Initally the infant appears normal, but later develop siezures and profound mental deficiency and mild spastic quadriplegia. It is called smooth brain, they lack gyri and sulci.

44
Q

What is agyria?

A

Seen in Lissencephaly

lack of gyri

45
Q

What is pachygyri?

A

Lissencephaly

Thick and broad unorganized gyri

46
Q

What is neuronal heterotopia?

A

Cells in aberrant positions compared to normal brain enlarged ventricles and malformation of the corpus callosum are also compon

47
Q

Microcephaly?

A

Lack of coordinated brain and skull growth where calvaria and brain are small and face is normal sized. Zika virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella, toxoplasma gondii can cause it. Maternal alcohol abuse ionizing radiation, or autosomal recessive primary microcephaly are causes.

Neuroendocrine Test Two (15 decks)

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