Development Of Self

Question 1

Definition of self

Answer 1

“the contribution of physical and psychological attributes that are unique to each individual” (Shaffer & Kipp, 2013)

Question 2

The “Who am I” Question

Answer 2

Personal characteristics
Roles
Religious and moral views
Political ideology
Physical characteristics

Question 3

Conceptions of the ‘Self’

Answer 3

made up of one’s thought and attitudes about oneself

An individual’s conceptions about self can include thoughts about one’s own physical being, social roles and relationships, and spiritual or internal characteristics

Question 4

Conceptions of ‘Identity’

Answer 4

Used interchangeably with ‘Self’

The idea of selfhood based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others

Question 5

Self-concept

Answer 5

knowledge of who you are

Question 6

Self-competence

Answer 6

what you can do

Question 7

Self-worth

Answer 7

feeling you are valued as individual

Question 8

Self-esteem

Answer 8

how you feel about yourself (evaluation)

Question 9

‘I’ or self-as-knower =

Answer 9

awareness

Question 10

‘me’ or self-as-known =

Answer 10

Characteristics

Question 11

Charles Cooley (1902) – “Looking-Glass Self”
Comprises 3 elements:

Answer 11

How we imagine others to appear
The judgements we imagine others make about us
Self-image based on evaluations of others

Question 12

George Herbert Mead (Sociologist) – “Stages of Self”

3 stages:

Answer 12

Preparatory stage
Play stage
Game stage

Question 13

After first few months, infant can differentiate ‘physical self’ from external objects they can control

Answer 13

true
or
false

Question 14

Michael Lewis (1990)
Two major features of identity:

Answer 14

Existential self

• Self-other differentiation
• Self-permanence
• Self-consciousness

Categorical self
-Categories child uses to define self: gender,
age, size, roles, etc.

Question 15

Lewis (1990) – 2 main steps

Answer 15

1. Sense of separateness

2. Sense of self awareness

Question 16

Lewis & Brook-Gunn (1979)

Distinguished two kinds of cues:

Answer 16

Contingency cues – image moves immediately in tandem with own

Feature cues – sees in mirror stable facial or bodily features which are familiar

Question 17

The Rouge Test

Answer 17

6-12 months – the child simply sees a sociable playmate in the mirror

12 months – most children demonstrates wariness & avoidance behaviours

14-20 months – self-admiring and embarrassment begin

18 months – half of children recognise the refection in the mirror as their own

20-24 months – self-recognition climbs significantly

Question 18

New social and emotional competencies:

Answer 18

More outgoing and socially skilled

Imitate playmates activities

Cooperation/ share intentions to achieve shared goals

More complex emotions emerge, e.g. embarrassment

Question 19

Stipek, Gralinski & Kopp (1990) –

Infants who display self-recognition:

Answer 19

Become more sensitive to ways in which people differ

Use social and evaluative categories in their self-concepts

Question 20

Adults contribute to the child’s self-concept by ….

Answer 20

providing descriptive information and evaluation

Question 21

The developing sense of self

Answer 21

Children’s sense of self emerges in the early years of life and continues to develop into adulthood, becoming more complex as the individual’s emotional and cognitive development deepens