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Anatomy > Development of Head, Neck and Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Development of Head, Neck and Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Craniocaudal folding occurs ________

A

Ventrally

This is longitudinal.

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2
Q

Lateral folding is ___________.

A

Left and right sides of embryo folding ventrally towards midline, fuse and form a cylindrical embryo

This is what forms the body cavity!

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3
Q

Embryonic Folding is _______ and ________

A

Ventral Craniocaudally

Grows laterally and folds towards midline (transverse)

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4
Q

What folding of the embryo is responsible for the tube in tube structure of the embryo?

A

Lateral Folding

(Gut tube is inner and out wall is body tube)

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5
Q

Neurulation occurs _____________.

A

as lateral edges of neural plate fold dorsally to create the midline of the neural groove

Folded edges of neural plate meet and fuse at dorsal midline and groove is converted to tube

Originates from ectoderm

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6
Q

What induces the neural plate to form into a groove that eventually closes off to form the neural tube?

A

Sonic Hedgehog being released from NOTOCHORD

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7
Q

Neural crest cells develop from the __________.

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

What actually touches when the neural groove fuses?

A

The Neural crest cells.

Once the fusion takes place, the neural crest cells will migrate away from the closed tube

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9
Q

What can neural tubes do?

A

Form external parts of the heart
Pigment in Skin

Peripheral Nervous System

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10
Q

Ganglion form from ________.

A

Neural crest cells

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11
Q

Somites form from the _________ and are ___________

A

paraxial mesoderm and are epithelial balls of cells along the neural tube that make up the vertebrae, muscles of back and body, dermis of skin

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12
Q

The first parts of the neural tube to fuse are the _______ followed by the ________.

A

5th Somite pair

Cranial and Caudal ends

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13
Q

The conversion of the neural plate into a neural tube occurs on _________ at the __________.

A

Day 22

Count from Cervical region -the 5th somite

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14
Q

In an embryo, the “cervical” region where the 5th somite will fuse on Day ___ will look like it is in the MIDDLE of the embryo. Why is this?

A

Day 22

The caudal end grows SLOWER than the cranial end. As a result, the cervical region appears more in the middle until growth has got up.

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15
Q

Fusion of the neural tube proceeds ___________.

At Day 23, _____________ are still open to the amniotic cavity

A

Cranially and Caudally

Cranial and Caudal neuropores

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16
Q

At Day 23, the neural tube is exposed to ________ because __________.

What SHOULD remain in the neural tube after fusion is complete?

A

Amniotic Fluid because the cranial and caudal ends have not closed

Cerebrospinal fluid should remain

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17
Q

The cranial neuropore closes at Day ____.

The caudal neuropore closes at Day ______.

A

25

28

Day 22- Fusion Starts from 5th Somite
Day 23- Neuropores still open

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18
Q

If the cranial neuropore does not close, what happens?

A

Anencephaly

There is NO forebrain

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19
Q

What is annencephaly?

A

A condition resulting in the lack of a forebrain/brain due to the incomplete closure of the cranial neurpore.

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20
Q

What happens if the caudal neuropore doesn’t close?

A

Spina Bifida

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21
Q

Incomplete closure of the cranial neuropore can cause ___________

Incomplete closure of the caudal report can cause
_______.

A

Anencephaly

Spina Bifida

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22
Q

Describe spina bifida as it relates to bone.

A

A regular vertebra has 3 main processes

  1. Transverse
  2. Process B (Dont need to know)
  3. Spinous Process

The spinous process is formed during fusion. Failure of the caudal neuropore to close does not allow opposing sides of bone around neural tube to close

Hence the name “split spine”

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23
Q

What is spina bifida occulta? What are signs of it?

A

It is spina bifida hid under skin!

Small patch of hair or discoloration around the area

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24
Q

How is Anencephaly caused by the incomplete ________?

What is a preventative measure for it?

A

closer of neural tube

The neural tube is exposed to amniotic fluid during development which causes necrosis of neural tissue within.

Folic Acid

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25
Q

Folic Acid is important to _____________.

A

Decrease the incidence of neural tube defects during development

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26
Q

What is fortification?

A

A process by which , in this case, folic acid was added to cereal. Over time, neural tube defects decreased.

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27
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

At Week 4, there will be 3 pharyngeal arches on either side of the embryo.

At Week 5 there will be 4.

The pharyngeal arches will come together to create the path around the developing pharynx.

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28
Q

What is a placode?

A

A thickening of ectoderm that will develop into one of our sensory organs.

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29
Q

Where is the nose placode located from the ventral view?

What about lens placode?

A

Nose Placode will appear as two indentations

Lens placode cannot be seen from ventral view because placodes are located extremely lateral on the side of the head.

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30
Q

When looking ventrally,

Under the frontonasal prominence is a _____________.

Where does this structure originate from and what will it eventually turn into?

A

Stomodeum

The stomodeum develops as the oropharyngeal cavity breaks down. It will eventually turn into the mouth.

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31
Q

The stomodeum turns into the ________.

A

Mouth

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32
Q

Endoderm derived structures include __________

A

Head and Neck Anatomy!

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Pharynx
Thyroid Gland
Tympanic Cavity
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Tonsils
Parathyroid Glands

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33
Q

Mesoderm derived structures include ___________.

A

MUSCLES of head- Paraxial
Connective Tissue - Paraxial

Connective tissue and muscle of viscera - Lateral

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34
Q

Ectoderm derived structures include ______________.

A

Surface

Skin
Anterior pituitary
Enamel of Teeth
Internal Ear
Lens of Eye

Neural Crest

Cranial and Sensory Ganglia and Nerves
Pharyngeal arch cartilage
Head mesenchyme and connective tissue

Neural Tube

Retina
Posterior Pituitary

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35
Q

The head and neck will arise from the _____________. What is it?

A

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue

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36
Q

Where does mesenchyme come from?

The anterior part of the skull also known as ____________ comes from the __________ produced by the ________. ________ also come from this same germ layer.

The posterior part of the skull also known as ____________ comes from the ______.

A

Ectoderm or Mesoderm.

Viscerocranium, Neural Crest Cells produced by the ectoderm. Placodes

Neurocranium comes from the paraxial mesoderm

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37
Q

Neural crest cells derived from the ectoderm travel into the _________.

A neural crest cell is basically a ________!

Each _________ travels to _____________.

Nerves: ___,____, ____,____
Arch: ____,_____,____,____

A

pharyngeal arches

cranial nerve

cranial nerve a specific pharyngeal arch

Nerves: 5,7,9,10
Arch: 1,2,3,4-6

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38
Q

Each pharyngeal arch has its own ___________.

A
  1. Cranial Nerve
  2. Blood Supply
  3. Cartilage
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39
Q

Describe the numbering of the pharyngeal arch from Cranial to Caudal.

Why is it numbered the way it is?

A

1
2
3
4-6

The aortic arch system develops from the pharyngeal arches.

The 5th arch is TRANSIENT or much much smaller than the other arches. As a result, sometimes it will disappear or never develop at all. The 4 and 6th aortic arches fuse together causing the 4-6 numbering.

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40
Q

What provides the pathway for the neural crest cells to leave the _______ and approach the _____?

A

hindbrain, pharyngeal arches for face development

Aortic Arch!

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41
Q

What is Digeorge Syndrome?

A

It is the failure of neural crest cells to migrate to their proper locations.

Neural crest cells are important for the development of the pharyngeal arches as well as the cardiac system and direct development of face and heart.

The cells not migrating to the right place can result in facial and cardiac deformities.

TEMPLE DOC

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42
Q

What are two other names for DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Velocardiofacial Syndrome

Catch-22 : 22nd chromosome issue where microdeletion of a portion of it is often what direct neural crest cells.

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43
Q

What disease can be caused by a microdeletion of the 22nd chromosome?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

Facial and Cardiac Abnormalities

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44
Q

What are the two major outflow channels of the heart?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary Trunk

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45
Q

What is the aortico-pulmonary septum?

A

It is the initial stages of the outflow channels of the heart where the neural crest cells build a wall between the aorta and pulmonary trunk forming a spiral pattern as they eventually divide

This pattern can be seen in our body!

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46
Q

What is the Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A

TGA is when neural crest cells reach the aortic arches and form the aortico-pulmonary septum, divide the pulmonary trunk and aorta BUT FAIL to create the spiral pattern

This means, deoxygenated blood can travel back to the HEART but it won’t oxygenate it and rather, pump it right back out to the body.

This also means that the side of the heart that just got oxygenated blood from the lungs will pump it right back into the lungs

  1. Deoxygenated blood into heart and right back out to body
  2. Oxygenated blood from lungs into heart and right back into lungs

BIG Picture: Oxygenated blood is sequestered to heart

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47
Q

Is there treatment for TGA?

A

Yes! Surgery, they will have to reroute your system to where the aorta is coming from left ventricle and pulmonary trunk is coming off right.

They can also poke a hole through the right and left atrium as a temporary fix to allow oxygenated blood into the right ventricle so it can be pushed out to the body.

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48
Q

Each pharyngeal arch contains ________ derived from the ________ and __________.

They form in ______ pairs and are covered by ________ externally and ________ internally.

A

bars of mesenchyme derived from mesoderm and neural crest cells

4 pairs, ectoderm , endoderm

49
Q

What does the mesenchyme of the the pharyngeal arch differentiate into?

A

Cartilage that will be ossified into bone

50
Q

From the dorsal view, describe what the pharyngeal arches look like and structures.

A

Cranial to Caudal

Arches will appear in a V orientation with the widest arch being 1 followed by 2,3,4-6.

There are 3 major bumps.

The second and third near Arch 3 and 4 turn into the tongue and larynx respectively.

51
Q

At the stage where there are pharyngeal arches, where was the relative location of the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Ectoderm will actually wrap around Arch 1 ONLY.

Think about drawing a line through the end of that ectoderm on arch one separating it from the other arches.

That is where the oropharyngeal membrane would have been.

52
Q

Where is the mandible located when looking at the pharyngeal arch from the dorsal view?

A

Arch 1 area with stomodeum on top

53
Q

What are the 3 main elements found in each pharyngeal arch pair?

A
  1. Pharyngeal Arch Nerve - Cranial Nerve
  2. Pharyngeal Arch Artery - Develops aortic arches
  3. Cartilaginous element - From mesenchyme
54
Q

The internal indentation of pharyngeal arches (in the _______) is called a ________.

The external indentation of pharyngeal arches (in the _______) is called a _______.

Which structure is most important to us?

A

endoderm / Pharyngeal pouch

Ectoderm/ Pharyngeal cleft

First pharyngeal CLEFT

55
Q

What would happen if there was continuity between the development of pharyngeal pouches and clefts?

A

We would have gills.

The term Branchial refers to gills

56
Q

Branchial is synonymous with _______.

It is just an older term.

A

Pharyngeal

57
Q

Meckel Cartilage comes from the ___________ in our ____________.

A

Remember from Tooth Development Lecture: We can see these as small circles in the mandible histologically

bar of mesenchyme in our first pharyngeal arch

58
Q

Two ossicles of the ______ develop from the _______. The third ossicle called the _____ develops from the ________.

A

ear, First Pharyngeal Arch

Stapes, Second Pharyngeal Arch

59
Q

Associate the pharyngeal arches with their cranial nerves

A

Arch

1 - 5 - Trigeminal
2- 7 - Facial
3- 9 - Glossopharyngeal
4-6: 10 - Vagus

60
Q

The first pharyngeal crest develops into the ____________. The pouch develops into the _______.

Describe the process and what extra structure is formed.

A

External auditory foramen (ear hole)

Eustachian Tube (Auditory canal)

The cleft bulges its way closer towards the pouch and creates an ALMOST continuity. The EARDRUM is what is formed to separate the pouch from the cleft.

61
Q

We know the first pharyngeal arch forms the _________. What happens to the remaining arches?

A

Ear hole and Auditory Canal

The second arch overgrows the 3rd,4th-6th arches. As a result the CLEFTS of the arches get diminshed down to a tiny cervical sinus which will eventually go away.

Cervical sinus is like a dot

62
Q

What happens if the cervical sinus doesn’t close?

A

Pharyngeal Cleft Pathology

Cervical sinus can fill up with fluid and pharyngeal clefts can show up later in life forming

LATERAL CERVICAL CYSTS

63
Q

How can we diagnose Pharyngeal Cleft Pathology?

A

The sternocleidomastoid muscle along the neck may have remnants of the 2nd,3rd or 4-6th pharyngeal clefts.

64
Q

Aside from a lateral cervical cyst, what are two other types of pathologies that could form from Pharyngeal Cleft Pathology

A

External Branchial/Pharyngeal FISTUAL which is a communication between two hollow organs or something from the inside trying to come out.

Internal Pharyngeal Fistula where lateral cervical cyst communicates with inside of future throat region

65
Q

KEY: Any pharyngeal cleft abnormalities will be found _______ to the ______.

A

Anterior to the sternocleomastoid

66
Q

What happens to each of the pharyngeal pouches?

A

1- Auditory Canal

  1. Paltaine Tonsil
  2. Inferior Parathyroid Gland and Thymus Gland
  3. Superior Parathyroid Gland and Ultimobranchial body

Ultimobranchia bodies make parafollicular C cells

67
Q

The thymus gland originates from the _______ and travels to the _______.

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch and travels to the chest cavity

68
Q

Parafollicular C cells are responsible for ________.

A

Calcium Regulation

69
Q

The thyroid gland is invaded by the ___________ from the ________ and the _________from the _____which grows around the _________. The _______ also insert them selves into the ______.

Where does the main thyroid gland come from?

A

superior thyroid gland from the 4th pouch

inferior thyroid gland from the 3rd pouch which grows around the superior.

Ultimobranchial Body

The thyroid gland develops from the floor of the developing pharynx at a location called the foramen cecum. The structure migrates inferiorly and places itself ventral to the trachea by the 7th week.

70
Q

Defects in the middle of the throat are attributed to ________.

Defects on the more lateral portion of the throat are directed to ________.

A

ThyrOID issues

Cervical Cleft Pathology

71
Q

At the ________ between __________ and ______ of the tongue there is a _________. As the thyroid gland descends down the midline, it can be marked by the __________. This tissue can get __________ and be found along the path of descent.

A

border between the anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue there is the foramen cecum which secretes the thyroid gland.

Thyroglossal Duct

Stuck

72
Q

Thyroid Gland Pathology

A

Adams Apple - Thyroid tissue stuck on hyoid bone possibly

Thyroid tissue buildup at foramen cecum

73
Q

Describe Tongue Development

A

Our cranial nerves have developed by 5 weeks. However, by the 5th month the 5th and 7th cranial nerves get swirled around in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

74
Q

Pain is sensed by __________. Taste is sensed by _______.

Name the cranial nerve

A

Cranial 5

Cranial nerve 7

75
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

A

General sensation and taste will be sensed by glossopharyngeal nerve.

76
Q

In the epiglottis from Arch ____ is the _____ which develops the ______nerve.

Does the epiglottis have taste buds?

A

4-6 is the 10th cranial nerve

Taste and general sensation

Vagus Nerve

YES

77
Q

What is the landmark between the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and anterior 2/3rds of the tongue ?

A

Foramen Cecum

78
Q

At 5 weeks, what is happening to the embryo in the head/neck/oral cavity?

A
  1. Nasal placodes are developing a pit in the middle which will come the future nostril.
  2. Eminences will form medial and lateral to the pit.
79
Q

At 6 weeks, what is happening to the embryo in the head/neck/oral cavity?

A
  1. Eyes are moving more ventral *** REMEMBER WE ARE LOOKING AT EMBRYO FROM VENTRAL VIEW)
  2. The medial nasal pit will grow towards the lateral.
  3. The frontal nasal prominence will regress to forehead territory.
80
Q

What is happening at 7 weeks and 10 weeks.

A

The mesial nasal eminences have converged in the midline and eyes are moving closer to the center of the face

81
Q

At 10 weeks the medial nasal prominences is incorporated into the __________.

What does it include?

A

Intermaxillary Segment

  1. Labial - Philtrum - Top lip divet
  2. Jaw - Premaxilla - 4 incisors
  3. Primary Part Palate
82
Q

What can the philtrum tell us?

A

The shape of the philtrum on the lip can hint at congenital issues.

83
Q

Once the intermaxillary segment has formed the __________ it integrates with the _________.

A

Philtrum
Primary first palate
Maxilla (4 incisor teeth section)

maxillary process

84
Q

The nasal septum will grow _________.

Maxillary Prominences create __________ which grow __________ (they are ______ tongue) and then develop a __________ growth pattern where it will be _______ to the tongue.

Eventually the _______ growth from the _________and __________ should ________.

A

Inferiorly (like down the roof of the mouth if looking at it directly)

Maxillary Prominences create right and left palatine shelves which grow INFERIORLY (they are under the tongue) and then develop a horizontal growth pattern where they will grow superiorly to the tongue.

Eventually the down growth from the nasal septum and the palatine shelves should fuse.

85
Q

The intermaxillary segment is marked by what feature?

A

Incisive Foramen where the

  1. L and R palatal shelves fuse
  2. Palatal shelves and nasal septum do NOT fuse
86
Q

What emerges from the incisive foramen?

A

Nasopalatine nerve that we use to nerve block!

87
Q

Which teeth will be affected if the _________ nerve located at the incisive foramen is numbed?

A

Maxillary Incisors!

Nasopalatine

88
Q

Anterior Cleft Palate is the result of _________.

A

failure of maxillary process to fuse with
soft tissue portion of intermaxillary segment

Failure of lateral palatine shelf to fuse with intermaxillary segment

ANTERIOR TO INCISIVE FORAMENT

89
Q

Cleft lip is a _____

A

soft tissue defect

90
Q

Posterior Cleft Palate is a result of _____

A

Failure of L and R lateral palatine processes to fuse with each other AND nasal septum

POSTERIOR TO INCISIVE FORAMEN so anterior portion is probably fine

91
Q

What is a mark of posterior cleft malformations?

A

Bifid Uvula

This malformation extends all the way from hard palate to soft.

92
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A

Parotid

Submandibular

Submaxillary

93
Q

How is the parotid gland formed?

A
  1. Ectodermal groove forms a sulcus between maxillary and mandibular prominences.
  2. Groove gets incoporated into buccal wall
  3. Differentiates into glandular acini and tubular duct.

The glandular acini makes the parotid gland.
The tubular duct (carotid duct) emanates from that in an anterior direction and dives into the oral cavity.

94
Q

What makes the parotid gland?

A

The glandular acini that results from the differentiation of the ectoderm groove once it has been incorporated into the buccal wall

Serous only

95
Q

What causes mumps?

A

Inflammation of parotid gland

96
Q

Submandibular glands are located ___________ and form within a _______. The ______ will open _______.

A

on the right and left side of the mandible in the jaw

Alveolingual groove ( between tongue and tooth socket). The duct will open ADJACENT to the lingual frenulum

Serous and Mucus

97
Q

A salivary ______ can be formed in the ________ glands.

A

stone/calculus

submandibular

98
Q

Sublingual glands form as ___________. _____ converge to ________ but retain ___________ opening into the _____________.

A

individual buds. Buds converge to form a gland but retain separate openings into the FLOOR of the oral cavity

99
Q

The cranial neuropore will close completely around Week ___.

Is it open or closed at Week 3?

A

6

OPEN

100
Q

The neural tube will form _______ to create the ______ _________.

Describe organization of what the neural tube forms at 3 week and at 6 weeks.

A

dilations and contrictions (like bulges) to create the brain vesicles.

Primary ones at the 3 week embryo are

Prosencephalon ( will divide into Telen and Dien)
Mesencephalon (future midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (will divide into Meten and Myeln)

Secondary vesicles at 6 weeks are

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

101
Q

The prosencephalon differentiates into _____________.

A

Telencephalon : Forebrain and future hemispheres

Diencephalon: Eyes and the thalumus’s

102
Q

Eyes are formed by what two things?

A

Lens placode and diencephalon

103
Q

Where is the epithalamus?

A
  1. Located the large thalamus at the posterior part of the brain.
  2. Locate a small y-shaped structure at the inferior portion of the thalamus
104
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Modulate endocrine and behavior rhythms affected by light/darkness we experience through our eyes

104
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

The important part of the epithalamus that is formed from an epithelial thickening at the caudal end of the diencephalon

105
Q

The pineal gland can accumulate _______.

A

Calcium

This helps it show up in the x-ray as a BRIGHT white spot.

106
Q

Where is the hypothalamus ?

A
  1. Locate the thalamus. It should be in the center of a sagittal view under a bright white marker.
  2. The hypothalamus will be directly below that.
107
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

BELOW the hypothalamus attached by a stalk.

108
Q

The pituitary gland sits in a ______ called _______ which is a depression in the ________.

A

The pituitary gland sits in a bony fossa called stella turcica which is a depression in the sphenoid bone.

109
Q

The pituitary gland has ______ lobes. What are they and their respective names?

A

2

Anterior Lobe: Adenohyophysis

Posterior Lobe: Neurohypophysis

110
Q

Which pituitary lobe is more glandular?

A

Anterior

Adenohyophysis

111
Q

The pituitary gland develops from _________

Which lobe does it form?

Describe the rest of pituitary gland development.

A

the ectoderm that has curved over the 1st pharyngeal arch.

It will ascend to the future anterior lobe of our pituitary.

The hypothalamus will have down growth which will interact with the anterior lobe. The components are initially hollow but eventually grow to fill the space.

112
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops from the oral _______. The posterior lobe is derived from ______ from _____

A

ectoderm

neuroectoderm from hypothalamus

113
Q

What is Raffey’s Pouch?

A

Oral ectoderm that acends to form the anterior lobe

114
Q

How does the oral ectoderm ascend to the _______?

A

Stella turcica

The anterior sphenoid bone and posterior sphenoid bone have not yet fused to each other which allows it to squeeze to the gap into the stella turica

115
Q

Pharyngeal Hypothesis

A

Left over pituitary gland in roof of mouth

Macroadenoma

116
Q

What can macroadenoma cause?

A

Pushing on Cranial Nerve II - VISION

It will push between the optic chiasm between R and L Cranial Nerves

117
Q

How can pituitary tumors be removed?

A

Surgeon can enter through the nasal or oral cavity and hit a piece of bone at the posterior aspect of the pharynx and enter the sphenoid sinus.

This spot is INFERIOR to the stella turcica and can suck up the adenoma.

118
Q

Is the trans-sphenoidal approach to the the pituitary gland for tumor touching brain tissue?

A

NO!

Anatomy (17 decks)

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