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Anatomy > Connective Tissue Week 3 > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

A diverse group of cells within a tissue-specific ECM.

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2
Q

The ground substance is __________.

A

gelatinous material that fills spaces between fibers and cells

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3
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Support
Defense
Nutrition

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4
Q

Describe connective tissue support.

A

Tendons and ligaments can provide support and connection.

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5
Q

Describe connective tissue defense.

A

Site of inflammatory and immune reactions as well as serves as a physical barrier

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6
Q

Describe nutrition provided by connective tissue

A

Reservoir for water and electrolytes and hormone growth factors

Stores energy as adipocytes (triglycerides)

Support blood vessels

Passageway for nutrients and gases

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7
Q

What are examples of embryonic CT?

A

umbilical cord

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8
Q

There are 3 classes of connective tissue. What are they?

A

Embryonic CT

CT Proper

Specialized CT

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9
Q

CT Proper can be further be divided into categories. What are they ?

A

Loose CT and Dense CT

Dense CT can be further divided into regular and irregular

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10
Q

What is an example of loose CT

A

Lamina propria

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11
Q

What are examples of specialized CT ?

A

Bone, Cartilage , Adipose tissue

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12
Q

Loose/areolar CT is a ____________. It is made up of loosely arranged ________ and ________ and ________. There are more __________ than __________.

A

CT proper

Cells, Ground Substance, Fibers

Cells, Ground Substance > Fibers

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13
Q

Loose/areolar CT function to __________(5).

A

Support epithelial Tissue
Surround blood vessels
Fill spaces between muscles

Diffusion of O2/Co2 and nutrients and wastes
Inflammatory and immune reactions

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14
Q

Dense CT is a type of _____________ that has more ______ and little ________.

Regular Dense CT has fibers arranged ________
Irregular Dense CT has fibers arranged _________.

A

CT Proper

Fibers, Ground Substance

in parallel bundles
randomly

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15
Q

What are examples of dense regular connective tissue?

Dense regular tissue function to ____________(3).

A

Tendons, ligaments, cornea

Transmit force of muscle contraction
Attach muscles to bones
Protection

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16
Q

What are examples of dense irregular connective tissue?

Irregular connective tissue function to ___________(2)

A

Skin, GI tract

Provide tensile strength
Protection

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17
Q

How does loose CT stain compared to dense CT?

A

Loose CT will stain less red because it has less fibers

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18
Q

What are the two types of fiber systems in CT?

Which fibers do NOT stain well in H&E?

A

Collagen fiber system made of collagen fibers and reticular fibers.

Elastic fiber system made of elastic fiber.

Reticular Fibers and Elastic Fibers

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19
Q

Reticular Fibers are a Type _____ .

A

Type III Collagen

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20
Q

Collagen fibers stain ________ in trichrome and ___________ in H&E because they are _______.

A

Blue/green

Red, Acidophilic

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21
Q

Collagen fibers are _______ yet high in _______. They are _______ structures with ______width.

A

flexible, tensile strength

wavy, variable

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22
Q

How is collagen synthesized? Where is it synthesized?

A

Fibroblast cells and cartilage cells synthesize collagen via 5 steps

  1. The nucleus produces the genetic code for the collagen
  2. The RER produces the pro-collagen precursor to collagen.
  3. Post translational modifications are made
  4. Pro-collagen leaves the cell to process into Tropocollagen
  5. Collagen fibers or networks are built extracellularly
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23
Q

What is the post-translational modification of collagen synthesis dependent on?

A

Vitamin C allows post translational modifications of adding hydroxyl groups to proline and lysine residues.

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24
Q

Procollagen synthesis happens ______ while other steps are ________.

A

Intracellular, Extracellular

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25
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Water-soluble vitamin C deficiency resulting in an inability to produce collagen.

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26
Q

What is scurvy characterized by?

A

Bone disease in growing children
Hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults.

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27
Q

What is the dental application to scurvy?

A

Type 1 collagen forms ligaments that hold tooth to bone. Patients with scurvy may have their teeth fall out.

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28
Q

Type ____ collagen forms ______ that hold tooth to bone.

A

1 , ligaments

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29
Q

What are scorbutic gums?

A

Scurvy gums that present a symmetrical appearance without infection

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30
Q

What are pinpoint hemorrhages? What are they an indication of?

A

Small red spots on skin indicating spontaneous internal region

Scurvy

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31
Q

Several collagen _____ create a collagen ____ which can be bundled together to create a _____.

A

fibril , fiber bundle of collagen fibers

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32
Q

Reticular fibers are a very _________ Type ____ collagen that forms a ______ rather than a _________ for _______.

A

fine Type III collagen that forms a 3D network rather than a thick bundle for support

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33
Q

Reticular fibers support __________ and _______ organs except the __________. They are produced by _________.

A

Hematopoietic (stem cells in bone marrow) and lymphoid organs except the thymus

Reticular cells

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34
Q

Why are reticular fibers stained with silver salts?

A

High sugar content

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35
Q

What are reticular fibers stained with?

A

Silver salts due to high content of sugar chains

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36
Q

Type I Collagen

Function:
Examples:
Structure:

A

Resistance to tension
Dermis, Tendon, Bone, Fibrocartilage
Fibril Forming

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37
Q

Type II Collagen

Function:
Examples:
Structure:

A

Resistance to pressure
Hyaline Cartilage, intervertebral disc
Fibril Forming

38
Q

Type III Collagen

Function:
Examples:
Structure:

A

Maintenance of expansible organs
Reticular Connective Tissue
Fibril Forming

39
Q

Type IV Collagen

Function:
Examples:
Structure:

A

Support delicate structures and filtration
Basal lamina, basement membrane
Network Forming

40
Q

Elastic fibers are responsible for ____________. Tissues can respond to _________ and ________.

A

Elasticity, resilience and shape control

Stretch and Distension

41
Q

Elastic fibers are thinner than collagen fibers. True or false?

A

True

42
Q

How are elastic fibers synthesized?

A

fibroblasts - skin and tendons
chondroblast - elastic cartilage
Smooth Muscle cells - Large blood vessels

43
Q

The aorta is made of ______ by __________ in ________.

A

Elastic fibers by smooth muscle cells in large blood vessels.

Blood pressure changes a lot so the elastic fiber allows the aorta to stretch and recover.

44
Q

What is the structure of elastic fibers?

A

Branching pattern of fibers to form a 3D network that are interwoven with collagen fibers

45
Q

What makes up an elastic fiber?

A
  1. Core of elastin protein, (fibrillin glycoprotein acts as template for elastin deposititon)
  2. Desmosine and Isodesmosine which covalently link elastin monomers together
46
Q

What two unique amino acids are associated with elastic fibers and what is their function?

A

Desmosine and Isodesmosine, link elastin monomers together to make an elastic fiber

47
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta is caused by _________________ and characterized by ____________.

A

defective synthesis of Type I collagen usually

Brittle bones, blue sclera

48
Q

What collagen is often associated with osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Type I

49
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a _____________. Clinical features include _______________.

A

defect in collagen synthesis or assembly

fragile, hyperextensible skin vulnerable to trauma, hypermobile joints, wound healing is poor

50
Q

Marfan Syndrome is caused by a __________ resulting in a _____________. Clinical features include__________.

A

Mutation in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin resulting in a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers.

Tall stature, long fingers, bilateral subluxation of lens, mitral valve prolapse, aortic aneursym, aortic dissection

51
Q

What are the 4 structures of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Proteoglycans

Structural Glycoproteins

Water

52
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Ground substances fills the space between cells and fibers. It is colorless and hydrated (high water content)

53
Q

What are the functions of ground substance?

A

Lubricant (due to viscosity)
Diffusion of water-soluble molecules
Anchors cells through cell-ECM adhesion via integrin
Provides path for cell migration
Binds and retains growth factors
Via cell adhesion molecules, information is transmitted across the plasma membrane

54
Q

Dermatan Sulfate is a _________. Its function is to _________.

A

GAG

Mediate wound repair, fibrosis

55
Q

Keratan Sulfate is a _________. Its function is to _________.

A

GAG

Cell motility, axonal guidance, embryo implantation

56
Q

Hyaluronic acid is a _______. Its function is _______.

A

GAG

to serve as the major component of mucous connective tissue found in the umbilical cord.

it is a major component of cartilage and immobilizing molecules like growth factors.

An effective insulator preventing diffusion through the dense network.

57
Q

Hyaluronic acid is present as a ______________. It is ___________ bound to a ________.

Proteoglycans ____________ bind to HA by _________ thereby forming ______ that are ________.

A

free carbohydrate chain , not covalently bound to a protein

indirectly linker proteins giant aggregates that are extremely hydrophobic.

58
Q

Aggrecan is a ________. Its function is ________-

A

Proteoglycan

Hydration of ECM

59
Q

Syndecan is a ________. Its function is_________.

A

Proteoglycan

interaction between proteins of ECM and the actin cytoskeleton

60
Q

Integrin is a _________. It’s function is to ___________.

A

glycoprotein

binds cells to ECM

61
Q

Fibronectin is _________.It’s function is to __________.

A

glycoprotein

bind many ECM components, attach to integrin

62
Q

Laminin is a ___________. It’s function is to __________.

A

Glycoprotein

mediating attachment to basement membrane

63
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans? (GAGs)

A

Unbranched polysaccharide

64
Q

What are proteoglycans ?

A

Large macromolecules with protein core

65
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Multiadhesive glycoproteins stabalize ECM and link it to cell surfaces.

66
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins facilitate the attachment between __________ element or _________.

A

Cell-CT element

CT-CT element

67
Q

Hyluronidases play a role in _________. Enzymes that degrade ________ lowers the _________ of the connective tissue thus _______ drug permeability. ____ can release hyluronidases to______.

Metastatic potential of _______

A

drug delivery

hyaluronic acid , viscosity, increasing

Bacteria , infiltrate

tumors

68
Q

MMPS (matrix metallloproteinases) play a role in _______________ and ____________.

___________, __________,__________ require the participation of MMPs whose expression ___________ association with tumorigenesis.

A

tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix

Tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis , increases in

69
Q

Fibroblasts are at a _______________. They are the ________ common cell type.

They ______ divide but _________ in response to ___________. They are activated when ____________

A

CT resident cell
most
rarely
capable
injury and inflammation
more collagen fiber is needed

70
Q

What is a specialized fibroblast?

A

Myofibroblast

71
Q

Active fibroblasts have _______, ____________ while inactive fibroblasts are ___________ with ________.

A

large, euchromatic nuclei
smaller
heterochromatic nuclei

72
Q

Macrophages _______________ and _____________.

A

initiate immune responses and secrete hydrolytic enzymes

73
Q

How do macrophages initiate immune responses?

A

Release cytokines, present antigens to lymphocytes

74
Q

What hydrolytic enzymes are secreted by macrophages?

A

Collagenase

75
Q

Macrophages originate from the __________ as a _________, turn into a _________ and then a ____________ in the ______. Then, in the _______, it develops into a ___________. The macrophage will either go through _______ or ___________.

A

bone marrow, stem cell

monoblast

monocyte, blood

tissue, macrophage

activation or differentiation to tissue macrophages

76
Q

Macrophages are __________ because they contain ________ and ____________. They have a _______ or _______ shaped nucleus.

A

phagocytic, lysosomes and residual bodies

oval, kidney

77
Q

Macrophages have ____________ for the breakdown of phagocytic material. There are numerous _________ for storage of ________.

A

lysosomes
phagocytic vesicles , ingest material.

78
Q

Mast Cells are a ______________.

A

CT resident cell

79
Q

Mast cells arise from ______________ in the ____________. They have __________ cells with ______. The _________ is centrally located and the surface expresses ____________.

The cytoplasm is filled with ____________ containing ______, ______-, _________, ________.

A

multipotent hematopoetic stem cells, bone marrow

oval to round , microvilli

nucleus, IgE receptors

dense secretory granules , heparin, histamine, vasoactive mediators and chemotactic factors

80
Q

Adipose tissue is a ____________.

A

Specialized Connective Tissue

81
Q

Functions of adipose tissue include a _________ for _________ as _________. _________ body against _________.

____________ as ___________

Fills _______ between _________ behaving as _________. For example ________

Secretes __________ and __________substances such as _________.

A

depot for triglycerides , main energy stores
Insulates body against heat lost

Fat stored triglycerides

space, tissues, shock absorbers

paracrine and endocrine, leptin (hunger)

82
Q

You can see lots of _________ on __________.

A

blood vessels, adipose

83
Q

Adipocytes are _________.

A

Resident cells in CT

84
Q

There are _______ of adipocytes.

___________ adipocytes are responsible for __________.

____________ adipocytes are responsible for ___________-

A

two

Unilocular/white, metabolic energy storage, insulation, cushioning, hormone production

Multilocular/brown , heat production/thermogensis

85
Q

Unilocular (White) Adipocytes contain _________- surrounded by a ________ of ________. The nucleus is ___________ and located on the ___________.

It secretes ____________ that surround the _________.

A

one large lipid droplet, ring of cytoplasm

flattened, periphery

reticular fibers, adipocyte

86
Q

Multilocular (Brown) Adipocytes are found during ___________ and _________ after birth because _______________. They look like _____ with an _________ nucleus. They have _________ mitochondria.

A

fetal life and first decade, heat regulation system is not developed during the time period.

multiple lipid droplets, eccentric

numerous

87
Q

Wandering cells in connective tissue include _________.

A

Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte

88
Q

Plasma cells are _________ that produce _______. They have an __________ cell with an ________ nucleus shaped like __________.

The golgi body appears _____- in TEM.

A

lymphocyte-derived , antibodies

oval, eccentric, clock face/wheel

ghost

89
Q

Where does collagen synthesis occur?

A

Fibroblast and cartilage cells

90
Q

Diapedesis

A

How WBC enter Connective tissue; they migrate between epithelial lining of capillaries to enter CT ; increases during inflammation.

Anatomy (16 decks)

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