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MSK Biweekly 2 > Development of Bones and Muscles- Fields > Flashcards

Development of Bones and Muscles- Fields Flashcards

1
Q

somitomeres develop into what along spine below the head

A

somites

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2
Q

collection of cells that are derived from paraxial mesoderm

A

somitomeres

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3
Q

somite forms into 3 regions:

A

sclerotome (bone)
dermatome (dermatomes of dorsal region)
myotome (muscle)

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4
Q

part of axial skeleton formed from intramembranous ossification

A

facial bones and most bones of skull

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5
Q

part of axial skeleton that develops from endochondral ossification

A

everything else but facial bones and most bones of skull

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6
Q

genes essential for proper spatial development of vertebral column bones

A

HOX genes

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7
Q

taken during early development will disrupt HOX genes and cause cranial shift

A

vitamin A (retinoic acid)

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8
Q

short neck with a reduced number of cervical vertebrae (cranial shift) from disrupted HOX genes

A

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

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9
Q

taking vitamin A (retinoic acid) later during development causes what shift

A

caudal shift

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10
Q

____ develop with the vertebrae as a single bone and will later separate

A

ribs

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11
Q

axial skeleton bone formed from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A

sternum

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12
Q

starts out as 2 different plates but will fuse if developed normally

A

sternum

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13
Q

vertebral arch doesn’t fuse, exposing spinal cord

A

dysraphism

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14
Q

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

A

split sternum

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15
Q

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

A

Bifid Xiphoid process

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16
Q

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

A

sternal and xiphoid foramen

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17
Q

abnormal sternum formation

A

pes carinatum

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18
Q

abnormal sternum formation

A

pes excavatum

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19
Q

formed from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A

appendicular skeleton

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20
Q

only appendicular skeleton bone formed from intramembranous ossification

A

clavicle

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21
Q

formed from scleratome of paraxial mesoderm

A

axial skeleton

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22
Q

absense of 1 or both clavicles

A

cleidocranial dysplasia

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23
Q

defects of the limb

A

melia

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24
Q

defects of the digits

A

dactyly

25
Q

2 main reasons for congenital anomalies of extremities

A

environment and genetics

26
Q
A

Wnt (used for dorsal muscles)

27
Q

limb buds form by ____ week and limbs pointed out and thumbs and big toes pointed up

A

4th

28
Q

responsible for proximal/distal and cranial/caudal pattern of bones

A

HOX genes

29
Q

develops from ectoderm and is responsible for proximal/distal pattern of bones

A

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

30
Q

order of AER and limb skeletal formation

A

FGF-8 stimulates SHH to produce SHH signaling molecule and HOX (high amount of SHH proximal)

31
Q

growth center responsible for cranial/caudal pattern of bones

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

32
Q

ZPA and limb skeletal formation

A

FGF-8 stimulates SHH to produce SHH + HOX; higher amount of SHH at caudal region)

33
Q

upper extremities dependent on this gene

A

Tbx-5

34
Q

lower extremities dependent on this gene

A

Tbx-4

35
Q

Tbx-5 mutation that deals with hand and arm deformities

A

Holt Orman Syndrome (HOS)

36
Q

Tbx-4 mutation that deals with lower limb dysplasia

A

small patella syndrome

37
Q

overexpression of SHH OR can be caused by excess BMP

A

polydactyly

38
Q

underexpression of SHH

A

Hemimelia

39
Q

underexpression of SHH (shortened upper limbs and missing bone)

A

Meromelia

40
Q

protein responsible for apoptosis between digits

A

bone morphogenic protein (BMP)

41
Q

apoptotic failure due to mutation of FGF or BMP

A

syndactyly

42
Q

over-expression of BMP

A

lobster claw

43
Q

happens around week 8 and thumb ends up lateral and big toe ends up medial

A

limb rotation

44
Q

signaling molecules that stimulate proper digital formation

A

FGF and BMP

45
Q

interact with HOX genes for proper formation of limb bones and joints

A

T-box genes

46
Q

a form of dwarfism caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone

A

Cretinism

47
Q

large jaw, hands, feet, due to hyperpituitarism

A

Acromegaly

48
Q
A

sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome)

49
Q

signaling molecules used in skeletal muscle development

A

Wnt, BMP, Engrailed (En-1)

50
Q

signaling molecules in skeletal muscle formation stimulate what that helps mesenchymal cell transformation to myoblast

A

Pax-3

51
Q

signaling molecule for dorsal signaling of trunk muscle development that stimulates Pax-3

A

Wnt

52
Q

signaling molecule for ventral signaling of trunk muscle development that stimulates Pax-3

A

BMP-4

53
Q

mutation in BMP causes this; failure of ventral abdominal musculature to form

A

prune belly

54
Q

signaling molecule for limb muscle development that deals with dorsal m. signaling; stimulates Pax-3

A

Wnt-7

55
Q

signaling molecule used for limb muscle development that deals with ventral m. signaling; stimulates Pax-3

A

En-1 (engrailed-1)

56
Q

myoblasts from myotome migrate where to form limbs

A

limb buds

57
Q

responsible for nerve migration (GSE, GSA)

A

connective tissue

58
Q
A

overexpression of engrailed (ventral muscle)

MSK Biweekly 2 (6 decks)

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