Development of Bones and Muscles- Fields

Question 1

somitomeres develop into what along spine below the head

Answer 1

somites

Question 2

collection of cells that are derived from paraxial mesoderm

Answer 2

somitomeres

Question 3

somite forms into 3 regions:

Answer 3

sclerotome (bone)
dermatome (dermatomes of dorsal region)
myotome (muscle)

Question 4

part of axial skeleton formed from intramembranous ossification

Answer 4

facial bones and most bones of skull

Question 5

part of axial skeleton that develops from endochondral ossification

Answer 5

everything else but facial bones and most bones of skull

Question 6

genes essential for proper spatial development of vertebral column bones

Answer 6

HOX genes

Question 7

taken during early development will disrupt HOX genes and cause cranial shift

Answer 7

vitamin A (retinoic acid)

Question 8

short neck with a reduced number of cervical vertebrae (cranial shift) from disrupted HOX genes

Answer 8

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

Question 9

taking vitamin A (retinoic acid) later during development causes what shift

Answer 9

caudal shift

Question 10

____ develop with the vertebrae as a single bone and will later separate

Answer 10

ribs

Question 11

axial skeleton bone formed from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

Answer 11

sternum

Question 12

starts out as 2 different plates but will fuse if developed normally

Answer 12

sternum

Question 13

vertebral arch doesn’t fuse, exposing spinal cord

Answer 13

dysraphism

Question 14

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

Answer 14

split sternum

Question 15

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

Answer 15

Bifid Xiphoid process

Question 16

failure of proper fusion of sternal bands

Answer 16

sternal and xiphoid foramen

Question 17

abnormal sternum formation

Answer 17

pes carinatum

Question 18

abnormal sternum formation

Answer 18

pes excavatum

Question 19

formed from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

Answer 19

appendicular skeleton

Question 20

only appendicular skeleton bone formed from intramembranous ossification

Answer 20

clavicle

Question 21

formed from scleratome of paraxial mesoderm

Answer 21

axial skeleton

Question 22

absense of 1 or both clavicles

Answer 22

cleidocranial dysplasia

Question 23

defects of the limb

Answer 23

melia

Question 24

defects of the digits

Answer 24

dactyly

Question 25

2 main reasons for congenital anomalies of extremities

Answer 25

environment and genetics

Question 26

Answer 26

Wnt (used for dorsal muscles)

Question 27

limb buds form by ____ week and limbs pointed out and thumbs and big toes pointed up

Answer 27

4th

Question 28

responsible for proximal/distal and cranial/caudal pattern of bones

Answer 28

HOX genes

Question 29

develops from ectoderm and is responsible for proximal/distal pattern of bones

Answer 29

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

Question 30

order of AER and limb skeletal formation

Answer 30

FGF-8 stimulates SHH to produce SHH signaling molecule and HOX (high amount of SHH proximal)

Question 31

growth center responsible for cranial/caudal pattern of bones

Answer 31

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

Question 32

ZPA and limb skeletal formation

Answer 32

FGF-8 stimulates SHH to produce SHH + HOX; higher amount of SHH at caudal region)

Question 33

upper extremities dependent on this gene

Answer 33

Tbx-5

Question 34

lower extremities dependent on this gene

Answer 34

Tbx-4

Question 35

Tbx-5 mutation that deals with hand and arm deformities

Answer 35

Holt Orman Syndrome (HOS)

Question 36

Tbx-4 mutation that deals with lower limb dysplasia

Answer 36

small patella syndrome

Question 37

overexpression of SHH OR can be caused by excess BMP

Answer 37

polydactyly

Question 38

underexpression of SHH

Answer 38

Hemimelia

Question 39

underexpression of SHH (shortened upper limbs and missing bone)

Answer 39

Meromelia

Question 40

protein responsible for apoptosis between digits

Answer 40

bone morphogenic protein (BMP)

Question 41

apoptotic failure due to mutation of FGF or BMP

Answer 41

syndactyly

Question 42

over-expression of BMP

Answer 42

lobster claw

Question 43

happens around week 8 and thumb ends up lateral and big toe ends up medial

Answer 43

limb rotation

Question 44

signaling molecules that stimulate proper digital formation

Answer 44

FGF and BMP

Question 45

interact with HOX genes for proper formation of limb bones and joints

Answer 45

T-box genes

Question 46

a form of dwarfism caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone

Answer 46

Cretinism

Question 47

large jaw, hands, feet, due to hyperpituitarism

Answer 47

Acromegaly

Question 48

Answer 48

sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome)

Question 49

signaling molecules used in skeletal muscle development

Answer 49

Wnt, BMP, Engrailed (En-1)

Question 50

signaling molecules in skeletal muscle formation stimulate what that helps mesenchymal cell transformation to myoblast

Answer 50

Pax-3

Question 51

signaling molecule for dorsal signaling of trunk muscle development that stimulates Pax-3

Answer 51

Wnt

Question 52

signaling molecule for ventral signaling of trunk muscle development that stimulates Pax-3

Answer 52

BMP-4

Question 53

mutation in BMP causes this; failure of ventral abdominal musculature to form

Answer 53

prune belly

Question 54

signaling molecule for limb muscle development that deals with dorsal m. signaling; stimulates Pax-3

Answer 54

Wnt-7

Question 55

signaling molecule used for limb muscle development that deals with ventral m. signaling; stimulates Pax-3

Answer 55

En-1 (engrailed-1)

Question 56

myoblasts from myotome migrate where to form limbs

Answer 56

limb buds

Question 57

responsible for nerve migration (GSE, GSA)

Answer 57

connective tissue

Question 58

Answer 58

overexpression of engrailed (ventral muscle)