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Neurology > Development/Landmarks > Flashcards

Development/Landmarks Flashcards

1
Q

neural groove and folds

A

depression in neural plate (2nd event) edges start to grow dorsally creating folds

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2
Q

neural tube

A

formed by fusion of neural folds. hollow part of the tube develops into ventricular system (cavities within adult brain filled with CSF)

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3
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A
  • dorsal root ganglia = spinal ganglia (collection of cell bodies outside the CNS)
  • sensory ganglia of certain nerves
  • autonomic ganglia - inside walls of viscera (collection of cell bodies)
  • adrenal medulla
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4
Q

Prosencephalon

A

primary vesicle stage, rostral end of tube

front of brain = forebrain

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5
Q

Mesencephalon

A

primary vesicle - midbrain

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6
Q

rhombencephlon

A

primary vesicle - hindbrain, caudal end of tube

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7
Q

telencephalon and Diencephlon

A

secondary vesicles that originate from the prosencephalon and make up the forebrain

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8
Q

mesencephalon (2)

A

secondary vesicle originating from mesencephalon with very little differentiation, keeps cylindrical shape

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9
Q

metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

secondary vesicles that originate from the rhombencephalon and make up the hindbrain, most caudal portion of the brainstem

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10
Q

lateral ventricles

A

within telecephalon, C-shaped, left and right lateral ventricles are connected by a T-shaped intersection called the interventricular foramen (left = I, right = II)

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11
Q

Third ventricle

A

in diencephalon found at the midline, a large circle

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12
Q

Mesencephalic aqueduct

A

midline structure within mesencephalon

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13
Q

fourth ventricle/rhomboid fossa

A

under the cerebellum that lies over the met/myelencephalon
contains:
Lateral apertures - foramen of luschka
Median aperture - foramen of Magendie - ONLY in primates, empties into cisterna magna (space between lining of CNS) to provide cushioning effect
(CSF goes thru into subarachnoid space)

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14
Q

rostral neuropore

A

anencephaly (without brain) - front opening of neural tube fails to close leading to error in brain development

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15
Q

caudal neuropore

A

spina bifida (without spinal cord) - back opening of neural tube fails to close

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16
Q

brain flexures

A
  • midbrain - cranial ventral surface, most rostral
  • pontine - dorsal surface
  • cervical - caudal ventral surface, most caudal, does not flex much in most animals (180 degrees)
    • primates/upright animals - 90 degree angle
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17
Q

division of the nervous system

A
  • CNS - brain and spinal cord
  • PNS (outside CN) - ganglia and cell processes = nerve fibers
  • ANS - features of both CNS and PNS
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18
Q

histologic development of the spinal cord

A
  • marginal layer - becomes white matter, lateral most white matter of cord = cell processes/axons (myelinated)
  • Mantle layer - becomes gray matter = cell bodies
  • germinal layer - ependymal cells, medial most, lining of ventricular system and central canal of spinal cord
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19
Q

sulcus limitans

A

“Limiting groove”
outpouching in middle of neural tube, divides neural tube b/w alar and basal, sensory and motor
Alar plate - sensory, dorsal
basal plate - motor, ventral

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20
Q

central nervous system components: Brain

A

Gray matter: cortical - surface of brain cerebrum, 6 layers
Subcortical - under the surface, pockets of cell bodies
white matter: under the cortical gray, tracts and pathways
(depending on location cell bodies have different function)

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21
Q

central nervous system components: spinal cord

A

gray matter: under the surface, columns and horns

white matter: surface bundles, form tracts (fasciculus=small bundle, funiculus=large bundle)

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22
Q

neural plate

A

thickening of tissue from ectoderm layer

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23
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cell bodies = ganglia

cell processes = nerve fibers

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24
Q

PNS gray and white matter

A

Gray matter = cell bodies:
dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia (walls of viscera, around abdominal aortic blood vessels), ganglia of sensory cranial nerves

White matter = cell processes:
nerve fiber bundles ex: radial nerve

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25
Q

landmarks of myelencephalon

A
  • trapezoid body = rostral limit

- fourth ventricle - caudal half of rhomboid fossa

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26
Q

landmarks of metencephalon

A
  • transverse fibers of the pons - ventral surface
  • cerebellum - dorsal surface
  • cerebellar peduncles - middle (most lateral), caudal (middle), rostral (most medial) - named in relation to cerebellum and consist of 3 stalk like structures that pass between brainstem and cerebellum
  • fourth ventricle - rostral half of rhomboid fossa
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27
Q

landmarks of mesencephalon

A
  • crus cerebri - left and right bundles
  • corpora quadrigemina - roof of mesencephalon, consists of rostral colliculus (paired) and caudal colliculus (paired)
  • tectum - roof/dorsal portion
  • tegmentum - floor/ventral portion
  • mesencephalic aqueduct - determines dorsal and ventral portions
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28
Q

diencephalon subdivisions

A
  • thalamus - oval, rostral to optic tract, makes up majority of Di
  • epithalamus - area of pineal body and 3rd ventricle
  • metathalamus - 2 geniculate bodies
  • subthalamus - internalized structure, connects Di rostrally and Mesencephalon caudally
  • hypothalamus - ventral portion
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29
Q

landmarks of diencephalon

A
  • optic chiasm - rostral limit where CN II fibers meet and cross
  • mamillary bodies - caudal limit, at back of hypothalamus
  • optic tract - carries visual info to brain, over lateral surface
  • geniculate bodies = metathalamus (lateral has 2 lt and rt = site of termination of optic tract; medial has 2 lt and rt)
  • third ventricle - circular, wraps around brainstem with pineal body located on midline (area of epithalamus)
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30
Q

landmarks of telencephalon

A
  • cerebrum containing left and right cerebral hemispheres

- lateral ventricles - left side is ventricle I and right side is ventricle II

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31
Q

Origin and clinical terms of telencephalon and Diencephalon

A

origin - prosencephalon
clinical - forebrain
-thalamocortex - interconnection of Tel and Di with cerebral hemispheres

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32
Q

Origin and clinical terms of mesencephalon

A

origin - mesencephalon

clinical - midbrain

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33
Q

Origin and clinical terms of metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

Origin - rhombencephalon
clinical - hindbrain
-metencephalon - pons=brainstem and cerebellum
-myelencephalon - medulla

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34
Q

anatomic brain

A

Cerebrum + brainstem
cerebellum = telencephalon
brainstem = Di, Mes, Met, Myencephalon

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35
Q

site of termination of the spinal cord in various species

A

dog = L5
horse = S1 or S2
Bovine and feline = L6

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36
Q

what is the cervical intumescence

A

enlargement between C6 and T2 - area of brachial plexus

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37
Q

what is the lumbar intumescence

A

enlargement at L5 to S1 - fibers innervating pelvic limb

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38
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord with meningeal covering

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39
Q

layers of meniges

A

1) dura mater
2) arachnoid
3) pia mater (deepest and in contact with nerve fibers)

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40
Q

filum terminale

A

terminal thread, extension of dura mater that travels down midline of spinal canal to anchor spinal cord

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41
Q

cauda equina

A

literally means horse tail, all roots of spinal nerves traveling down caudal space of canal until they reach their specific foramina

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42
Q

Spinal nerve roots correspond to what white matter structure

A

Funiculus

43
Q

Spinal nerve rootlets correspond to what white matter structure

A

Fasciculus

44
Q

Radicular signs mean that what are being affected

A

Spinal nerve roots

45
Q

Major white matter structures (3)

A

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi

46
Q

Major gray matter structures (3)

A

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns

47
Q

portions of mesencephalon

A

tectum=roof/dorsal portion
tegmentum=floor/ventral portion
dorsal and ventral portions determined by mesencephalic aqueduct

48
Q

Nuclear “columns” of spinal cord neurons (4)

A 
GSA - general somatic afferent 
GVA - general visceral afferent 
(Sulcus limitans)
GVE - general visceral efferent
GSE - general somatic efferent
49
Q

Function of afferent fibers

A

Sensory

50
Q

Function of efferent fibers

A

Motor

51
Q

Myelencephalon - ventral structures (4)

A
  • pyramids
  • pyramidal decussation
  • olive
  • trapezoid body
52
Q

Pyramids of myelencephalon

A

L and R on ventral midline
Pyramidal motor pathway
groove b/w = ventral median fissure
origin = cerebrum

53
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

Fibers cross at site of synapse
75% fibers cross to descend as lateral corticospinal tract
25% continue ipsilaterally into spinal cord as ventral corticospinal tract
(Ex. 75% that start on L and R = contralateral, 25% stay on same side as origin = ipsilateral)

54
Q

Olive

A

Small bump about halfway down myelencephalon, *site of synapse in extrapyramidal motor system

55
Q

Trapezoid body

A

Rostral limit of myelencephalon, involved in auditory system

56
Q

Myelencephalon - dorsal structures (4)

A
  • fasciculus gracilis
  • fasciculus cuneatus
  • spinal tract of trigeminal n.
  • obex
57
Q

Dorsal surface of myelencephalon

A

Characterized by tracts and ventricle 4 - “open” in rostral portion

58
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

A

Conscious proprioception from pelvic limb area
Most medial compared to dorsal median sulcus, paired L and R
(Proprioception = knowing where your limbs are)

59
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Conscious proprioception from thoracic limb area
Lateral to fasciculus gracilis, paired L and R
Bundle of white matter

60
Q

Spinal tract of the trigeminal n.

A

Pain and temp sensation from head and face areas

Lateral to fasciculus cuneatus, paired L and R

61
Q

Obex

A

Landmark at caudal angle of 4th ventricle, where bundles meet at the “V”

62
Q

Myelencephalon - ventricular system structures (4)

A
  • 4th ventricle (caudal half)
  • caudal medullary velum
  • sulcus limitans
  • dorsal median sulcus
63
Q

Caudal medullary velum

A

Thin layer of ependyma and pia mater so ventricle not actually “open;” roof of 4th ventricle

64
Q

Sulcus limitans (myelencephalon ventricular system)

A

Groove in lateral wall of 4th ventricle

65
Q

Dorsal median sulcus

A

Continuation from spinal cord in midline of ventricular floor

66
Q

Cranial nn. in myelencephalon

A

CN 6-12 (most of any part of brain)

67
Q

Metencephalon - ventral structures (2)

A
  • transverse fibers of the pons

- longitudinal fibers of the pons

68
Q

Transverse fibers of the pons

A

Pyramidal motor fibers going into cerebellum - become middle cerebellar peduncle as they take info to cerebrum (originate on midline)

69
Q

Longitudinal fibers of the pons

A

Pyramidal motor fibers going through brainstem and into spinal cord

70
Q

Metencephalon - dorsal structures (2)

A
  • cerebellum

- cerebellar peduncles

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates, integrates, and regulates motor activity with sensory info

72
Q

Cerebellar penducles

A

Middle, caudal, and rostral pairs
Connect cerebellum to brainstem
Carry sensory and motor

73
Q

Metencephalon - ventricular system structures (2)

A
  • 4th ventricle (rostral half)

- rostral medullary velum

74
Q

Rostral medullary velum

A

Layers of ependyma and pia mater

75
Q

Cranial nn. in metencephalon

A

CN 5 (the big one)

76
Q

Mesencephalon - ventral structures (2)

A
  • crus cerebri

- interpeduncular fossa

77
Q

Crus cerebri

A

Descending pyramidal motor pathway
2 columns, L and R
Forms floor of mesencephalon

78
Q

Mesencephalon - dorsal structure

A 
Corpora quadrigemina (site of synapse) or rostral and caudal colliculi
*rostral colliculus (L and R) - visual reflexes; caudal (L and R) - auditory
79
Q

Mesencephalon - ventricular system structure

A

Mesencephalic aqueduct - interconnects 3rd and 4th ventricles

80
Q

Cranial nn. in mesencephalon

A 
CN 3 (oculomotor) and CN 4
*CN 4 only CN that's dorsal (others ventral)
81
Q

Diencephalon - ventral structures (4)

A
  • mammillary bodies
  • tuber cinereum
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
82
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Site of synapse for emotions and ANS

Caudal limit of diencephalon, on floor of hypothalamus

83
Q

Tuber cinereum

A

Site of attachment for pituitary gland

84
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Site of decussation for vision
Crossing for CN 2
Rostral limit of diencephalon

85
Q

Optic tract

A

Visual pathway

Come up laterally after crossing and form lateral geniculate body

86
Q

Diencephalon - dorsal structures (2)

A
  • lateral geniculate body
  • medial geniculate body
  • together form the metathalamus
87
Q

Lateral geniculate body

A

Termination of optic tract -> site of synapse in visual pathway

88
Q

Medial geniculate body

A

Site of synapse in auditory pathway

89
Q

Diencephalon - ventricular system structures (3)

A
  • 3rd ventricle - wraps around medial geniculate body (?)
  • interthalamic adhesion
  • pineal body
90
Q

Interthalamic adhesion

A

Cut surface of thalamus as seen on midline (topographic term)

91
Q

Pineal body

A

Melatonin to regulate sleep patterns and circadian rhythm

Forms epithalamus, midline structure rostral to geniculate bodies

92
Q

Cranial nn. in diencephalon

A

CN 2 (rostral limit)

93
Q

Telencephalon - ventral structures (2)

A
  • olfactory bulb

- pyriform lobe

94
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Site of synapse in olfactory pathway
Oval-shaped, at very rostral end
Cell bodies start in nose and axons go to brain

95
Q

Pyriform lobe

A

Olfactory cortex, where smell is perceived

96
Q

Telencephalon - dorsal structures (3)

A
  • gyrus/gyri - ridges of gray matter
  • sulcus/sulci - grooves
  • cerebral hemispheres
97
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

L and R, split by longitudinal cerebral fissure

Transverse cerebral fissure divides cerebrum and cerebellum

98
Q

Telencephalon - ventricular system structures (2)

A
  • lateral ventricles

- interventricular foramen

99
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Left = I, right = II in each hemisphere

100
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Connection b/w lateral ventricles, also connects to 3rd ventricle -> “T” connecting L, R, and 3rd ventricles

101
Q

Cranial nn. in telencephalon

A

CN 1 (olfactory)

102
Q

Telencephalon fiber systems (3)

A
  • projection fibers (ascending and descending)
  • association fibers
  • commissural fibers
103
Q

Association fibers

A

Long fibers = interlobar - b/w lobes (cingulum)

Short = intralobar - b/w adjacent gyri

104
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Corpus callosum - commissural bundle

Cross the midline

Neurology (8 decks)

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